Introduction: Orthostatic symptoms are common in children and adolescents such that 15% experience syncope once in their teenage years.1 A comprehensive history, physical examination, bedside orthostatic testing and an ECG are usually sufficient for diagnosis combined with prevention measures for postural intolerance and reassurance being sufficient in most cases.2-4 Many patients with orthostatic intolerance (OI) have limitations of daily activities with reduced school attendance and impaired quality of life.5
A subset of children with OI may have an underlying disorder (autoimmune condition, mitochondrial insufficiency, diabetes mellitus etc.) and thus diagnosis can be elusive and expensive.6 Syncope is obvious and readily recognized to the extent that patients are frequently evaluated in an emergency room and office setting. Clinical characteristics are described in children with syncope but literature is limited in describing those many patients who present with symptoms other than syncope.7,8 We studied the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children and adolescents with OI who had autonomic dysfunction based on head up tilt table test (HUTT).
Materials and methods
From November 2010 to June 2012, we obtained medical records of patients with OI and HUTT. Our institutional review board approved this study. We collected demographic and clinical data together with physiological data in Microsoft Excel sheet (Microsoft Office 2010). Data also
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Fisher exact test compared the physiological data and utilized a non-parametric Mann-Whitney test to compare continuous variables. We utilized the Mantel Haenszel for adjusted three-way contingency testing. Type I error rate of 5% was accepted as being of statistical significance. STATA (v.12, College station) statistical software performed all
The data that will be shown will be as mean values, and standard deviations. Descriptive statistics was computed. T-tests was used to examine the two population means of each variable. One-way Repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used as the statistical tool in order to analyze pain score, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, and respiratory rate over time between the two groups. It is a requirement if the subjects will be exposed to three, or if greater, treatment conditions and/or when multiple measures of the same dependent variables, in which are collected longitudinally, to use repeated-measures. (Polit & Beck, 2003) A statistically-significant level of 0.05 is
All groups were age and gender matched. The mean BMI of the IFL group was significantly higher than NFL group with no significant difference between IFL and OSAS group. The PTT Ar in the IFL groups was significantly higher than that found in the NFL group denoting the higher degree of cardiovascular arousal in the IFL group. The highest level of PTT Ar was found in the OSAS group denoting the highest degree of cardiovascular arousal compared with the
| Based on explicit knowledge and this can be easy and fast to capture and analyse.Results can be generalised to larger populationsCan be repeated – therefore good test re-test reliability and validityStatistical analyses and interpretation are
Strengths: It is a controlled, randomized human study included males and females. Different ways of monitoring were used.
56). The correlational statistics verified the association between variables while content analysis of the quantitative data collected allowed for categorization of patient responses (Hardin et al., 2011). In this particular instance, appropriate use of data collection was utilized.
Additionally, this study does not include a justification for why this particular analytic method was used and there was no control on confounding variables. It is important to include confounding factors and how they were controlled because this can lead to bias and incorrect results.Type I and II occurs when there is a null hypothesis. There was no mention of a null hypothesis and no mention of avoidance or minimizing Type I and II
Developmental coordination disorder is most commonly found in boys, aged between five to eleven years old, by a 2:1 to 7:1 ratio depending on the group being studied (“Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition”, 2013, p. 75). This disorder is most commonly diagnosed in children; 5%-6% of school-aged children are affected. Developmental coordination disorder is a life-long disorder that affects a child’s ability to perform daily activities where no medical or neurological conditions are present. In most cases, it is difficult to diagnose children under the age of five years with having developmental coordination disorder because it is normally overlooked and assumed that the child is a slow learner and will eventually
Figure 1. The effect of gender on the mean forced vital capacity in college aged students. The data reported as the mean ± standard deviation with n = 127, 59 respectively. The asterisk signified the male mean FVC is significantly different than the female mean FVC.
Syncope is a common symptom of cerebral ischemia caused by various causes. The prevalence of inherited arrhythmias account for syncope is low. However, the syncope caused by inherited arrhythmias has possibility of indication of cardiac arrest and death and reported to be correlated with increased risk of sudden cardiac arrest. Long QT sy drome is a typical inherited arrhythmiacause syncope in children. Beta-blockers are clinically indicated in LQTS and effective for preventing recurrence of syncope. Brugada syndrome is also typical inherited arrhythmia cause syncope or sudden cardiac arrests in young individuals. The syncope is important for the risk stratification and therapeutic selection. Cathecolaminergic polymorphic ventricular
Person X’s heart and ventilation rate was normal before the test because they had not begun exercising and were at a resting rate. The reason their heart and ventilation
Participants were recruited from a rehabilitation clinic of a teaching hospital. 52 total patients were randomly & equally divided into either the control or treatment
A healthy male volunteered to participate in the study. His age was 24 years old, height 180cm, weight 66.4kg, body mass index (BMI) 20.5kg/m2 and VO2max 57.7mLkg-1min-1. Participant was required to complete medical-history questionnaires. Participate had moderate levels of physical activity. Participant gave his written informed consent.
Thank you for sharing your knowledge about statistical information and how that helped you make a decision on what tests you can use for a patient’s problem. To be honest with you, I find it difficult to understand statistical information and quantitative data. So, I’ll be focusing on the research that I found about qualitative data for two tests that we commonly use in our facility.
While trying to find the main cause of why a patient had a syncope episode there are a couple of test that can be performed. Some of these tests include a stress test, blood work, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and tilt table test (Mayo Clinic). When doing these tests excluding blood work, patients are monitored while preforming a task or being moved. The reason for these test is to help better diagnose the patient and provide proper treatment.
“Proprioception is the basis for the physical sense of self and its interaction with the external world.” (Allman, C., Lewis, S. and Smith, M. 2014) When students use their proprioceptive sense, information is sent to the brain about static position and body movement. Proprioceptive sense works with vision and tactile sense to develop coordination, support a child’s ability to plan and exhibit patterns of behavior. Issue with proprioceptive function can affect student learning and students can appear drowsy, fussy, agitated, picky and unbalanced. Activities that aid in building proprioceptive function are mostly physical, such as massages, hugs, yoga or stretching, walks, jumping on a trampoline and exploring with