Pros And Cons Of Zero-Based Budgeting

The budget process is a powerful planning tool for government to make important resource decisions. According the Carney and Schoenfeld‘s article on How to read a Budget, an operating budget is a reflection of government’s financial plans. When a budget is

Program planning is a process to achieve a particular goal and/or mission. Program planning is an organized process through which a set of coordinated activities or interventions is developed to address and facilitate change in some or all of the identified problems. Program evaluation provides useful information for improving the programs and the service delivery systems. Program evaluation is to improve the program planning, effectiveness, design, and efficiency. The two are different processes, but ideally they hold the same goals and/or mission. The evaluation process takes place after the planning of a

BKB program Budget, one of them was doing counseling about nutrition balanced on parents of children 2-4 years of age by presenting a nutritional doctor. The post is OLD and Jasmine have a meeting every month twice in week 3 and 4. This makes communication between the cadres and the parents went smoothly because of doctors who are experts in providing knowledge of nutritional balance. In addition the post OLD Jasmine posyandu and BKB integrates with also help further optimize knowledge of parents in early childhood parenting

According to the West Virginia state constitution, the body in charge of the county finances is the County Commissions in the state, specifically stating, “…(having) the superintendence and administration of the internal police and fiscal affairs of their counties, including the establishment and regulation of roads, ways, bridges, public landings, ferries and mills, with authority to lay and disburse the county levies.” However, the constitution doesn’t say how the counties are to do this. Jefferson County, the subject of my study, is the only county in the State of West Virginia to use Zero Based Budgeting. Zero based budgeting is a budgeting method where all expenses have to be justified for each new period, because they are reset to 0.

Program planning is the implementation of evaluation process. It is the groundwork where priorities are decided and the results are analyzed on a measurable scale.

The U.S. War of Independence ensued from the increasing conflict between the British North American colonies and England. However, this conflict cannot be traced back to a single cause, rather, to multiple issues and protests towards the tyranny of the mother country. Even though the numerous Acts enforced by the British government undoubtedly generated dissatisfaction amongst the colonists, it was the government’s rejection of cooperation or compromise that persuaded many colonists of the inevitability of war and independence.

Propaganda is information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view. It can be of a positive or negative nature, but its overall aim is to influence those viewing it and hopefully persuade them to share the propaganda’s creator’s point of view. When America joined the War in 1941, after remaining neutral and determined not to get involved for two years, a great amount of propaganda was produced and displayed to the American citizens. This propaganda was produced in many different forms, one of which was using American companies’ advertisements. Although this may seem unnecessary as there were many other media forms that were also used, advertisements were a very big and important form for

"We used to think that our fate was in our stars, but now we know that, in large measure, our fate is in our genes, "quotes James Watson. This fate that Watson is talking about is contained in our genes, and deals with a new technique, gene therapy. Gene therapy is revolutionizing the world of medicine. Many physicians are predicting that in twenty years gene therapy may change the practice of medicine from a treatment-based to a prevention-based practice. Our future is l ocked away inside of our genes. Gene therapy is unlocking these doors. Researchers are starting to move away from developing new drugs, and towards finding an ultimate solution. That solution is to use gene therapy as a

Traditional budgeting method analyses financial index by organization structure, while ABB could put financial index to every activity person by the activity characters and make the person responsible to the index. So that it could allocate the scarce resource more efficiently.

Budget formulation and use are tools that guide many decision making strategies in business. The measures that are least effective could create an avalanche of catastrophic events that can negatively impact the decision making strategies. It is in the best interest of the pertinent parties to draft an operating budget based on a collective set of information relating to organizational vision and mission. Ineffective measures can be catastrophic based on the foundation for measures used in creating the budget. Among the many issues organizations face that relates to creating an effective operating budget results from poor

The 20’s century saw the use of budget involve due to a change in the environment. Indeed the control of output used to be obtained by the dissemination of tasks and so traditional budgets were very much highlighted, with a significant top-down influence. As an example of the importance of budget in the 1970’s IBM had about 3,000 people involved in their budgetary process. During the same period, the oil crisis brought concerns about rising in costs and led to the introduction of zero-based budgeting (ZBB), which can lower cost by avoiding blanket increases or decreases to a prior period’s budget. The increase in business uncertainties was in discrepancy with the stifling effect of fixed plans, promoting the use of rolling budgets. The 1990’s saw the growing influence of shareholders and steered the focus on a budget that included a wider view of organisation results, answering the investment community for quarterly updates on results and expectations (Bill Ryan, 2005). Budgets then started being used as a communication tool between the financial community and the organisation, allowing the corporation to be integrated in the capital market. Moreover companies started using flexible budgets rather than static budgets as nowadays various levels of activities can be observed in most organisations. The use of flexible budgets then enables firms to be consistent with their new environment and the market.

Budgeting is the systematic method of allocating financial, physical, and human resources to achieve an organization’s strategic goals. Budgets are utilized by for-profit and non-profit organizations to monitor the progress towards the goals, assist in the control of spending, and help predict cash flow for the organization.

This research paper is a brief discussion of budget management analysis. Budgeting is the key to financial management, and is the key to translates an organization goals or plan into money. Budgeting is a rough estimate of how much a company will need to get their work done, and provides the basis for evaluating performance, a source of motivation, coordinating business activities, a tool for management communication and instructions to employees. Without a budget an organization would be like a driver, driving blinded without instructions or any sense of direction, that’s how important a budget is to every organization and individual likewise (Clark, 2005).

Budget and budgetary control practices are undeniably indispensable as organizations routinely go about their business activities and operations. These organizations are constantly on the alert on how actual levels of performance agree with planned or budgeted performance. A budget expresses a plan in monetary terms. It is prepared and approved prior to a particular budgeted period and explicitly may show the income, expenditure and the capital to be employed by organizations in achieving their goals and objectives.

P4. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of different types of planning tools used for budgetary control.