Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon epic about a young Swedish warrior and the three great monsters he faces. Although oral for a long time, Beowulf was recorded in Old English sometime between 700 and 1000 CE. Through the use of alliteration and symbolism, the legend of Beowulf characterizes Anglo-Saxon principles of loyalty, bravery, and good lordship. In it’s Old English form it used caesuras and alliterations in the same way modern English poetry uses meter and rhyme- to make the poem flow. Beowulf was originally in dactylic hexameter like most epic poetry, including Homer and The Iliad. Dactylic hexameter has 6 “meters” (often syllables) where the third meter alliterates with the first or second meter but never the fourth.This complicated formula …show more content…
His first foe, Grendel, has been terrorizing the king of the Danes, Hrothgar’s, hall for 12 years. Each night Grendel comes to the hall, Heorot, to eat young thanes who sleep there. However, when Grendel attempts to take visiting Beowulf, asleep in Heorot, Beowulf rips off his shoulder and arm with his famous strength. Grendel returns to his mother’s den to die. Grendel’s mother, now seeking revenge, comes and kills Hrothgar’s most trusted advisor. For this Beowulf and his thanes hunt her down. Upon finding her underwater cave in a swamp, he attempts to kill her with a famously unbeatable blade. When the blade fails, Beowulf is forced to grab a blade from her treasure hoard. This sword succeeds in beheading her but melts upon contact with her blood. Beowulf returns a hero to Sweden. Later in life, now ruling the Geats, Beowulf’s land is threatened by a dragon who has been enraged by a thief stealing from his hoard. Beowulf dies fighting the dragon and saving his kingdom.
Much of Beowulf exemplifies the prominent Anglo-Saxon ideals of loyalty. Comitatus, the loyalty code between a lord and his thanes, was the difference between life and death for many Anglo-Saxons. Constantly at war or feuding, it was of the utmost importance a lord could rely on his warriors. Beowulf’s men were behind him through it all- until his greatest defeat- the dragon. It is significant to note that the quest the
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Not long would be
The warrior’s spirit enwound in flesh”
Here, Wyrd is seen as the inevitable or fate. But often Wyrd is treated as a sort of God, as in chapter 33, “one fight shall end our war by the wall // as Wyrd allots, all mankind’s master.” What may seem like to conflicting ideas of Wyrd was probably one all-encompassing entity to the Anglo-Saxons. Their idea of divinity and destiny were very entangled- a reflection of Anglo-Saxon culture itself which was a combination of Catholic missionizing, Celtic tradition, and Roman past.
Beowulf was an oral legend in Britain in the Middle Ages told in mead-halls and before kings. By looking at the moral of the story, we can understand that loyalty and generosity were important themes of this war-ridden time period. The character Beowulf was used to personify these ideals and his story became both an example of the rewards of these ideals and the consequences of shirking them. Beowulf is not just a story, it exemplifies a way of
“Wyrd is akin to fate and symbolized by the Norns, or three women who control the paths of both gods and humans. Wyrd was considered an inescapable and destined path through life” (Spies). Wryd was used in Beowulf when Beowulf told Hrothgar “Fate always goes as it must” (Beowulf 455). This is an example of wyrd because Beowulf realizes that the fight is now in fates hands and whatever happens is what is meant to happen. This is a similar belief paganism had.
Another thing that is important to Beowulf's culture is wyrd which means fate, fate is important and Beowulf's culture because according to Beowulf's beliefs fate controls the events in the world. A quote supporting this is, “ I won't shift a foot when I meet the cave-guard: what occurs on the wall between the two of us will turn out as fate, overseer of men, decides. (674-677).” This shows that no matter what Beowulf is about to go through he believes in his fate and whatever happens will happen because it's supposed to. Another quote to show how word has an importance to Beowulf's culture is, “ Unyielding, the Lord of his people loomed by his tall shield, sure of his ground, while the serpent looped and unleashed itself. Swaddled in flames, it came gliding and flexing and racing towards its fate. (716-720).” This quote shows that everyone has a fate no matter their role in the life, no
First, loyalty is very important to the Anglo-Saxon people. Loyalty is swearing allegiance to a person, place, or thing. There are many examples of loyalty in Beowulf. Beowulf is exceedingly loyal throughout the entire Anglo-Saxon epic. Beowulf shows loyalty to the Geats and his king. To elaborate, Beowulf shows loyalty to the Geats and his king, Hygelac, by notifying them of his plans to travel to the land of the Danes and help the Danish King, Hrothgar, defeat Cain’s descendant, Grendel, who has been terrorizing Hrothgar’s mead-hall. Beowulf is loyal and seeks the approval of the Geats and Hygelac before anything else(first and foremost), and Beowulf most likely would not have left the land of the Geats to help the Danes if his people and king did not approve. Also, Beowulf demonstrates loyalty to Hrothgar because of an allegiance between Beowulf’s father and Hrothgar. Beowulf helped the Danes for glory and because of a sense of devotion to Hrothgar who once helped Beowulf’s father, Ecgtheow, after he killed a man. Hrothgar paid the death price for
The story “Beowulf” is an epic poem written by an unknown author. In the story Beowulf, our protagonist, is the strongest man in the world who has to take down three monsters and faces challenges when facing two of them. In the story lof, comitatus, and wyrd is shown in the story and plays an important part of the Beowulf’s culture.
Beowulf is an epic poem that, above all, gives the reader an idea of a time long past; a time when the most important values were courage and integrity. The only factors that could bestow shower fame upon a person were heroic deeds and family lineage. Beowulf, as the paradigm of pagan heroes, exhibited his desire to amass fame and fortune; the only way to do so was to avenge the death of others. This theme of retribution that is ever present throughout the poem seems to color the identities of its characters.
Beowulf’s first battle is against Grendel in an attempt to help King Hrothgar of Denmark and the Danes. The king builds a great mead-hall known as Heorot, where his warriors can gather to drink, receive gifts from their lord, and listen to stories sung by the bards. All the noise and commotion angers Grendel, who is a horrible demon that lives in the swamplands of the king’s kingdom. Grendel is an outcast who desperately wants to be a part of the Danes. He is bitter about being excluded from the mead-hall festivities. As a result of his jealousy and loneliness, Grendel terrorizes the Danes every night, killing them and defeating their efforts to fight back. The Danes live in fear, danger, and suffer death from Grendel for many, many years. Eventually, word of the kingdom’s suffering at the hands of Grendel reaches Beowulf. He feels inspired by the challenge of defeating the monster and decides to help the Danes. The king holds a big feast to celebrate Beowulf’s help,
Because it was passed down for many years, Beowulf contains a unique mixture of pagan culture and Christian beliefs. The protagonist, Beowulf, is a mighty warrior who often cries out in petition to the Christian God. In contrast Hrothgar, the King of Herot, is a pagan leader who makes sacrifices to “old stone gods” in times of strife (Beowulf 90). The author may have done this in order to provide the audience with a foundation for the story. Readers of the time were familiar with the Bible and all of its stories. Even today audiences have a firm grasp and knowledge on the events of the Bible. Through allusions to the story of Cain and Abel, and to God’s power and protection, the story applies a stronger and more effective skin to commonly known material.
Anglo-Saxon culture consisted of receiving fame, glory, and wealth through acts of vengeance and courage. “Beowulf” portrays these parts in great detail and shows how destabilizing it can be. Through acts of vengeance, a never ending war occurs.
Beowulf is influenced by the Anglo-Saxon time period as it has several characteristics of an epic poem. A characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon time period is the use of alliteration and kennings. This is used in the text to bring attention to certain areas of the poem. An example can be found on page 39, “as they willed, and you struggled seven long nights to survive,” (Raffel). This expression brings about the attention of the reader that Unferth was not as strong or manly as Beowulf. Similarly, the author uses kennings to make his writing colorful, thus attracting his readers. An example in the text is “light-of-battle” meaning sword. Another characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon literature is the epic hero.
Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon epic that was transmitted verbally for hundreds of years before it was written down. Around the time of its composition, Christianity was beginning to gain prominence in England and was quickly replacing the animistic religion of the Celts. As a result of the dueling religions of the time, the poem includes influences from both Christianity and paganism, leaving its readers to wonder which religion had the most sway over the poet. Beowulf is a fundamentally more Christian epic on account of Beowulf’s resemblances of Jesus Christ, its allusions to the Bible, and its intimation of a supreme, monotheistic religion.
In the epic poem Beowulf, the struggle between good and evil reveals its omnipresence in even the oldest of tales. The many allusions and symbols throughout the story relate to Christianity and other Pagan beliefs. By looking at them, it becomes apparent that the author of Beowulf believed that the constant war between good and evil is not only fought by the common man but also in the ranks of their highest esteemed rulers and warriors, and even in their dreaded nightmares where monsters lurk and wait for the death of man. Beowulf was written during the budding of Christianity in England, when it was newly forming. In the story there are obvious references to Christian rituals.
Warriors are considered among the bravest of men. In the Anglo-Saxon community, the warriors were of the most respected class, and made up the foundation for their way of living. Anglo-Saxon warriors would not stop fighting until either they were victorious or they were dead. Written during this Anglo-Saxon period, the epic Beowulf contains many pagan ideals, in addition to several references to Christian philosophy. Beowulf is a tale of dual ordeals; an external fight against treacherous enemies, and an internal struggle with human tendencies of pride, greed, cowardice, and betrayal. The story intertwines them with both pagan and Christian beliefs.
Though Beowulf was god-like and he was able to be successful when faced with decisions and adversity, he eventually succumbed to the destructive forces of nature and threw his nation into conflict. As aforementioned, Beowulf’s battle with the dragon depicts unpreventable death and destruction that afflicts everybody, his last battle also symbolizes that even the most seemingly perfect people are chained to hostile acts of nature and fate. Beowulf’s death is not a product of pride, it was a result of his altruistic nature to do good, however, his death forecasts war in his country as described by Wiglaf when ordering a messenger to tell the Geats of Beowulf’s death, “And this people can expect fighting, once/ The Franks, and the Frisians, have heard that our king/ Lies dead.” (Beowulf 2910-2913). Beowulf’s main purpose was to do good, and though killing the dragon was an act of goodness, he traded in his life for an act of good, however his death brought the large possibility of war to his
Literary devises use utilized by authors to help show common themes as well as tone and symbolism. The epic poem Beowulf (translated by Seamus Heany) is a three-part epic of the Anglo-Saxon warrior Beowulf. First, he brought his warriors to Heorot and to the king Hrothgar to help him get rid of the monster Grendel. Grendel is a monster, and is very isolated. Beowulf is successful and ends up killing Grendel, and kills Grendel’s mother after she returns an attack. The final part is Beowulf’s final fight with a dragon, in which he dies. Various literary terms are used in Beowulf to help provide themes of fear of outcasts, the struggle of good and evil, and the difference between isolation and being part of a tribe.
The main protagonist, Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, comes to the aid of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, whose great hall, Heorot, is plagued by the monster Grendel. Beowulf kills Grendel with his bare hands and Grendel's mother with a sword, which giants once used, that Beowulf found in Grendel's mother's lair.