“ Categorisation is not a matter to be taken lightly. There is nothing more basic than categorisation to our thought, perception, action and speech. Every time we see something as kind of thing, for example, a tree, we are categorising. Whenever we reason about kinds of things (…) we are employing categories. Whenever we intentionally perform any kind of action (…) we are using categories”. (Lakoff 1987: 6)
We categorise all physical objects and motor activities we come across in our everyday life and we make decisions based on those categories. “Without the ability to categorise, we could not function at all, either in the physical world or in our social and intellectual lives. An understanding of how we categorise is central to any understanding of how we think and how we function, and therefore central to an understanding of what makes us human”. (Lakoff 1987: 6) Although traditional Aristotelian view on categories provides answers that differ from the recent research, both classical and cognitive theories see categorisation as crucial to understanding how human beings make sense of experience and how they communicate. Categorization is basic to human thought, perception, action, and speech. It is
…show more content…
Only truthfulness of the statement prevents language, and our understanding of what is said, from breaking down. He saw stability of names as a necessary for statement to be true. “The source of stability, for Aristotle, is – and can be nothing other than – convention: but convention understood not as an arbitrary decision to adopt one name rather than another, but as part of an ongoing social processes with its own momentum”. (Harris & Taylor 1997: 24). Second point on stability Aristotle mad was that there is a “(…) connection involving the stability of names which no previous thinker had seen”. (Harris & Taylor 1997:
One of these is Social categorization. Based on the name it is very self explanatory, with the social categorization there is the need to divide,
Within the curiosity of the human mind lies a variety of occurrences that have plagued philosophers, scientists, and skeptics alike. What is the part, we as a society, play in the study of the material world? Although, many have theorized, experts are only just now scratching the surface of the mental and behavioral processes of the human mind. However, within the minute distance that examiners have travelled through the world of psychology, scientists have discovered and developed a plethora of concepts, approaches, ideas, and principles that have now become relevant to our growth. Within this context, the analysis will center on the progressive history of psychology, including some of psychology’s primary contributors and their concepts. Furthermore, the major psychological approaches, and how they pertain to, and influence, society as we view it today.
In order for me to say what social category I identify with then I would like to define social category. Social category is a group of people who do not interact with each other but share similar characteristics. I actually identify with many social categories. The main one would be my race because I am African American. I also identify with those who have tattoos, piercings, and last I am a woman. The two most important categories to me would be the fact that I am African American and I am a woman.
To hold up a “tough” facade, Aristotle keeps secret from his family his true emotions about his brother Bernardo, which ultimately affect his everyday interactions. In addition, the pressure from his parents to never speak about Bernardo in fear
As humans, we often find comfort in the ability to separate and sort objects, ideas, and even people into innumerable categories that we may refer to with ease. Even if there exists no scientific support for such classification, we find that our innate nature allows us to socially construct certain divisions. Merriam-Webster Dictionary possesses numerous definitions for the word race; one that appears commonly describes this abstract idea as, “Any one of the groups that human beings can be divided into based on shared distinctive physical traits” (Merriam-Webster.com). This definition remains intangible as American history in particular paints an ever-changing picture of racial categorization
In psychology there are many different approaches to understanding the complexity of human behaviour, all of which have different methods of testing what factors can influence behaviour, varying from scientific to pure assumption in an attempt to understand human behaviour. This essay with explain the key ideas of the behaviourist, biological and humanistic approaches and will compare and contrast their assumptions on human behaviour.
Or suppose you consider a kitten with both blue eyes that turns into a cat with both green eyes, the kitten must have had both traits to be true. In other words, he argues that A and ¬A are true at the same time. Now consider Aristotle’s clarity of instances of time, where the kitten, A, is only A instantaneously, and it becomes B = B ≠ A. B = B is true instantaneously as well. Formally, this law states that both A and ¬A cannot both be true. If A is no longer A, then it is an entire different entity B in a particular time, and the law still applies. Aristotle explains this by saying that “‘The same attribute cannot at the same time belong and not belong to the same subject and in the same respect’ (Metaphysics 18–20). In this sense, he is breaking objects down into individual holistic components and validating each part separately; otherwise, an object as a whole containing several components may contain contradictions. For example, an opinion on a specific matter, let’s say a book, is a generalized term if you say the book was great. If individual chapters are analyzed, you may find that there some that you did not like, and in fact, the book’s components contain separate traits; therefore, the implication that the book, as a whole, is great is invalid, according to the law of
As we have discussed, Aristotle separated the souls into four categories (nutritive, movement, perception, and understanding). Aristotle believed that it is the understanding soul separated humans from their animal counterparts who possessed the three other souls. He thought that because humans possessed the ability to understand their perceptions as well as their own self, they should be granted a higher distinction. Although Midgley does not talk about her ideas on the soul or the self, this example still shows another instance where intelligence was used as the basis for comparison and distinction. However, Charles Taylor had viewpoints that mirror Midgley’s ideas. Taylor used the consciousness as representation as one of his technique to separate persons, agents and mere things. In this instance, consciousness was the defining factor between persons and agents. It could easily be argued that animals have a conscious, thus putting them in the persons category. Taylor’s ideas are the first steps to new ideas on how to classify and categorize persons, agents, and mere things.
Why do we classify? We classify because it is easy as well as instinctive. It is human nature to classify. However, humans are imperfect creatures, and sometimes it is better to resist these primitive urges to categorize people in to class. Classifying people is determinative to those being classified, to those classifying, and society as a whole.
Descartes' formulation of what he calls the “Real Distinction” has proved foundational to our modern concepts of being and consciousness. His contention has irreversibly influenced the fields of psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, and others while cementing into the popular consciousness the notion of a definite dichotomy between the mind and the body. In this paper, I will flesh out what Descartes' meant by the term “real distinction,” discuss the arguments he uses in its' defense, and then argue myself that this distinction between mind and body (at least as Descartes frames it) goes much too far, and that it is a much more viable probability to believe that mind and body are actually intertwined, one and the same.
As people who live in today’s society, it has become a social norm for us to divide things into categories. We enjoy grouping and separating things depending on their similarities and differences. We have made a pastime out of juxtaposing and dissecting all that an individual ‘carries’ with them. Be it the physical, the emotional, or even the subconscious. People are consistently categorized into groups, which include social categories, gender categories, political categories and many more. People are also grouped depending on their likes and interests. Whether they prefer cats to dogs, or pop music to country music, everything has developed a label, so to speak. Such categorizing makes people feel as if they belong to something. It can also make a person feel safe when they know what group they belong to. It could allow for easier communication between individuals of the same group. What we do not realize as a society is that grouping and categorizing individuals creates a hierarchy that puts many people at a disadvantage. That is the message that both Peggy McIntosh and Judith Lorber are trying to convey in their essays about gender and race hierarchies. I agree with both of McIntosh and Lorber’s essays. I think that this is a problem that should be solved and that we, as a society should face together.
Discuss the victim typology offered by Sellin and Wolfgang. In order for me to do this I first have to give a definition of the word to get a better understanding of it. Typology is the study or systematic classification of types that have characteristics or traits in common. But how do the definition correspond with Selling and Wolfgang theory I will try to explain it in this brief paper.
If asked which cognitive ability you would miss the most if it were taken away, the majority of people would respond with the obvious choices of sight or hearing, but how many people would think about our sense of language? Language affects our lives in ways that we do not often realize. In the essay “How Language Shapes Thought” Lera Boroditsky argues that many of our cognitive abilities are enhanced, or hindered depending on the fundamental structure of our system of language. I found that Boroditsky used much of her own research in order to support her claims that direction, time and gender are concepts largely affected by the structural system of our language.