Examples Of Cognitive Biases

The technological developments that assisted bombing, the impact of bombing on the German economy, the impact of bombing on the German civilian morale and also the effects on the German war effort all help explain why the Allied strategic bombing of Germany during the Second World War was significant to quite a far extent. Each of the following paragraphs will analyse the impacts of the Allied strategic bombing on different aspects of Germany and also what factors assisted the Allied bombing campaign in creating a significant impact on Germany during the Second World War.

Whether research is experimental or developmental, there are no guarantees of perfect study processes or results, since both random and systematic errors are expected. Errors and uncertainties of a study’s outcomes surface almost every time. Faulty, aged or incorrectly calibrated instruments, during an experiment, can lead to important alterations of results. Distracting environments definitely influence the outcome. Finally, the human parameter in the sense of having ability to properly operate instruments and correctly interpret measurements definitely consist another factor of imperfect research (Bell 7-9).

prevent. The estimated losses of American soldiers were all over the place; starting at 23,000 all

Technological advancement, newly evolved military tactics and the greatest amount of artillery fired anywhere in the war left little of the pre-war landscape remaining other than the occasional splintered tree stump or a building reduced to rubble. Silent clouds of poisonous mustard gas drifted over a seemingly never ending sea of mud laced with duck boarding and scarred with gaping shell hole craters that were littered with the debris of war, both human and nonhuman. All the while the rain continued to fall.

Both sides of the conflict had to deal with shortages of food, munitions, and reinforcement due to destroyed road ways and muddied routes. Although there were difficulties on both sides the Allied Powers had to deal with an excessive amount of shelling and machine gun fire from both sides of the front. The AEF would also have to deal with heavy rain and flooding which would be a contributing factor to their shortages of

B. The availability of raw materials for the industries meant mass production of the weapons sufficient to replace the damaged and the lost as well as the vast army.

“We were bombing Hamburg, Germany, that day. Didn’t have any fighter opposition, but we were hit with flak at 27,000 feet. The hit set the plane on fire. There was a hole in the wing I could have crawled through.” recalled Leonard Kessinger during an early 1990’s interview for the Dailey Telegraph in Princeton W.V.

The skies had been cloudy, but no rain. The road were made of dirt and rock. Which did cause problems with vision because of the dust, but was not a huge factor. The battle took place in an urban environment. The terrain was not good through the city. The cause was because of the bombs and artillery that was dropped and used by both sides. This came from outside the city, and was directed with in the city limits. This caused great damage to all the structure throughout the city, and made it impossible for any vehicle with wheels to pass through. This was a disadvantage to the US forces, as now they had to send ground forces into the city. The American forces had little to no intelligence of the city. They would be conducting door to door breaching searching for the Germans. The advantage was now to the Germans. They knew the lay out of the city both above and below ground. They knew every alley and sewer to hide and burrow

America had a variety of bombers that they used, ranging from a B-17, which held 5,000 pounds of explosives, to the one predominantly used by Yossarian in Catch-22, a B-25. The pilots’ life on the military base consisted of a lot of free time in between missions. The aircrews did not do much except prepare for the next missions. In this aspect, the book was accurate because in between the characters’ missions they did not have much responsibility. The men on bases were permitted to have radios, which they listened to in between missions.

To follow, the truths revealed in the book are more than just one could see. There are many ways to see the words Vonnegut writes and the next truth I believe another could see is hidden within the backwards film he plays. One reads, “American planes, full of holes and wounded men and corpses took off backwards (93),” as Billy starts watching the movie. It is a movie about war and Billy watches it backwards to see the bombs go from the ground back up to the plane and so on. The truth revealed by this simple scene he describes is that even if one wants to undo the suffering that was has created, they cannot. It has already been done and can’t be taken back. This ties in with how this book is viewed as anti-war. If Vonnegut is trying to reveal this large truth about the war while simultaneously revealing smaller truths, this fits in exactly. This is the same truth one could see with the horse’s hooves that Vonnegut has the reader visualize in the ninth chapter. He writes, “The Americans had treated their form of transportation as though it were no more sensitive than a six-cylinder Chevrolet (251),” to make you just realize how they had treated the animal.

Amid the Civil War, the failure of the military to distinguish front line losses made the requirement for a fighter recognizable proof technique.

When examining the physical damage to the land after the end of the war, it was obvious that much of the country had been brutally trampled and scarred by the battles and rampages of the war. As troops had

This helped to understand the devastation that resulted from these bombings. This led into McNamara talking about how ‘proportionality should

Confounding bias occurs when two factors are associated and the effect of one is confused with or distorted by the effect of the other. Consistency bias refers to the relation of terms to one another; it is the tendency to keep one response consistent with prior response. Next consistency bias is similar to social desirability bias, except that the latter term refers to a tendency to answer a given item in a social acceptable. Experimenter bias is when the measurements obtained in a study are influenced by the experimenter's expectations regarding the outcome of the study. A researcher knows the predicted outcome of a research study and is in a position to influence the results, either intentionally or unintentionally. Omitted variable bias is the bias that appears in estimates of parameters in a regression analysis when the assumed specification omits an independent variable that should be in the model. Recency Bias is a cognitive predisposition that causes people to more prominently recall and emphasize recent events and observations than those that occurred in the near or distant

The visual examination that was done was based on the debris that was collected and reassembled. This reassembly that was done was said to be the largest reconstruction done for that point in time