Tropentag 2009 University of Hamburg, October 6-8, 2009
Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development
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Factors Affecting on loan Repayment Performance of Farmers in Khorasan-Razavi Province of Iran Mohammad Reza Kohansal Assistant professor of agricultural economic dep., Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran Hooman Mansoori Msc student of agricultural economic dep., Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran Abstract This study investigated the factors influencing on repayment behavior of farmers that received loan from agricultural bank by using a logit model and a cross sectional data of 175 farmers of Khorasan-Razavi province in 2008.
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These authors simulate probabilities of default and default costs on zero-down payment loans and then compare the results with conventional underwriting standards. They estimate that, if low-income borrowers are enticed by zero-down payment requirements and if no adjustment for the higher default rates is made, the cost of the implicit subsidy would amount from $74,000 to $87,000 per million dollars of lending. Quercia et al. (1995) show that a lower loan-to-value (LTV) ratio at the time of origination (i.e., higher down payment) leads to lower default rates for rural, low-income borrowers. These authors focus on the 1981 Farmers Home Administration Section 502 program and show that, while contemporaneous equity value in rural low-income mortgage loans is not associated with default, crisis events are. Van Order et al. (2000) find, however, that the default behavior of both low- income and average-income groups is responsive to negative contemporaneous equity, while default rates and default losses are higher for low-income borrowers. Moreover, the influence on credit risk of individual and neighborhood income is small for LTV less than 80 percent, but it ranges from 15 up to 50 basis points for very high LTV ratios. Enticing low-income mortgage borrowers with lower down payment requirements thus Increases the risk of default. Oladeebo (2008) examined socio-economic factors influencing loan repayment among small scale farmers in
The government's attempt to stem the tide of foreclosures and arrest the incredible fall in home prices have been, in a word, pathetic. One proposal suggested was for banks to offer low 4% mortgages -- a step in the right direction. But in extending support to buyers of homes, it completely ignores the problems of millions of families that already have mortgages. As a result, it does little to halt the surge in foreclosures. With more home owners likely to default this year, the situation is far from recovery in spite of a wall street surge since March of this year. The new rates, and lower monthly payments, would be especially helpful for homeowners with negative equity (they owe more on their mortgages than their homes are worth). Such underwater borrowers, prime candidates for
This article written in the Texas Agriculture, a magazine published by the Texas Farm Bureau, is about all the factors impacting farmers that effect their income. Over the past couple years, a combination of things has caused the average Texas farmers income to drop. The primary audience for this article is the farmers in Texas as they are experiencing these issues first hand. The secondary audience would be consumers who have noticed price fluctuations in products at the store and are wondering the reason.
In 2008 the real estate market crashed because of the Graham-Leach-Bliley Act and Commodities Futures Modernization Act, which led to shady mortgage lending or “liar loans” (Hartman). The loans primarily approved for lower income and middle class borrowers with little income or no job income verification, which lead to many buyers purchasing homes they could not afford because everyone wants a piece of the American dream; homeownership. Because of “reckless lending to lower- and middle-income borrowers who could not afford to repay their loans many of the home buyers lost everything when the market collapsed” (Tankersley 3). Homeowners often continued to live in their houses for months or years without paying any
It is no big secret that, in America today, most high-paying jobs require a college degree. Thomas C. Frohlich of USA Today stated that “graduating from college is a prerequisite for the vast majority of high-paying jobs”(2013). With the cost of a college degree increasing in unison with demand, few can earn a degree without the help of student loans. The American Student Assistance website reports that of the twenty million students enrolled in college, about sixty percent are attending with the help of student loans (2014). Obviously, student loan debt affects the individuals that obtain them. However, it also has severe effects upon the nation’s economy.
After my college graduation I would like to pursue my dream job of becoming an Agricultural Loan Officer at a bank or another company. I would really enjoy working with different people and farmers and discussing their financial requests. I plan to use my Agricultural Business Management degree to help manage my farm and rely on my knowledge to make the best informed decisions about my business and my customers. By majoring in Agriculture Business Management I plan to help encourage more farmers to start their own farms or even expand their farming operation. I would assist them in making financial decisions based on their credit, character, capital, capacity, conditions, and collateral. I would make the best informed decisions about my clients that would benefit us both in the long run. I believe that by getting to know your clients and researching them thoroughly that we can support those farmers in need of loans and find the very best clients that have excellent character and credit. I hope to not only work as an Agricultural Loan Officer but also be a part time beef and crop farmer on the side. I plan to use my Agricultural Business Management degree to help manage my farm and rely on my knowledge to make the best informed decisions about my business and my
During this time period, homeownership typically required a 20 percent down payment (Melicher & Norton, 2014, 168). Lending institutions were very careful about whom they lent money to, and credit standards were high (Melicher & Norton, 2014, 168). Melicher & Norton (2014) called this the “save now, spend later” philosophy, and it would change in the coming years (p. 168).
The financial crisis emerged because of an excessive deregulation of business operation of financial institutions and of abusing the securitization mechanism in the absence of clearly defined rules to regulate this area in the American mortgage market (Krstić, Jemović, & Radojičić, 2013). Deregulation gives larger banks the opportunity to loosen underwriting lender guidelines and generate increase opportunity for homeownership (Kroszner & Strahan, 2013). After deregulation, banks utilized many versions of mortgage loans. Mortgage loans such as subprime and Alternative-A paper loans became available for borrowers challenged to find mortgage lenders before deregulation (Elbarouki, 2016; Palmer, 2015). The housing market has been severely affected by fluctuating interest rates and the requirement of large down payment (Follain, & Giertz, 2013). The subprime lending crisis has taken a toll on the nation’s economy since 2007. Individuals who lacked sufficient credit ratings or down payments resorted to subprime mortgages to finance their homes Defaults on subprime and other mortgages precipitated the foreclosure crisis, which contributed to the recent recession and national financial crisis (Odetunde, 2015). Subprime mortgages were appropriate for borrowers with substandard credit and Alternate-A paper loans were
Prior to the 2008 economic depression, obtaining a mortgage was relatively simple for home buyers. However, many of those mortgages had provisions that made it difficult for borrowers to repay their mortgages (“Dodd-Frank,” n.d.). As a result, many homeowners lost their homes when they were unable to repay their mortgages, which led to the real estate crisis. In 2010 the Mortgage Reform and Anti-Predatory Lending Act, also known as the Dodd-Frank Act, was enacted to reform how mortgage servicers vetted borrowers and to eliminate the use of predatory loan practices (Cheeseman, 2013, p. 485). Under the Dodd-Frank Act, creditors must establish borrower’s credit history, income and expected income, debt-to-income ratio, and other factors before
During 2007 through 2010 there existed what we commonly refer to as the subprime mortgage crisis. Through deduction of readings by those considered esteemed in the realm of finance - such as Ben Bernanke - the crisis arose out of an earlier expansion of mortgage credit. This included extending mortgages to borrowers who previously would have had difficulty getting mortgages; this both contributed to and was facilitated by rapidly rising home prices. Pre-subprime mortgages, those looking to buy homes found it difficult to obtain mortgages if they had below average credit histories, provided small down payments or sought high-payment loans without the collateral, income, and/or credit history to match with their mortgage request. Indeed some high-risk families could obtain small-sized mortgages backed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), otherwise, those facing limited credit options, rented. Because of these processes, home ownership fluctuated around 65 percent, mortgage foreclosure rates were low, and home construction and house prices mainly reflected swings in mortgage interest rates and income.
Most American students desire to have a successful financial life by earning a college degree. Many students realize they can not afford a college education and look to student loans. Unfortunately, the majority of college graduates are unable to find a job in their field so, and they fail to pay the money back on student loans. The question that everyone wants to know is,“ How do we fix the ever-growing student debt crisis? That’s the $ 1.3 trillion question looming over the United States, and there’s no clear answer--or even much of a consensus” (Mcgrath, Forbes). Student loan debt has become a growing crisis because of the ailing economy, high-interest rates, and the overall impact of student loans on a student’s financial future.
In this research essay the article “Farmers Get Biggest Subsidy Check in Decade as Prices drop,” written by Alan Bjerga. The article brings forward the pressing issues of the agriculture downturn of prices in the United States of America. The article reviews crop surplus and reduced income in terms of the drop of agriculture prices. The article also touches on the fact that the united sates of America agriculture system needs more aid to provide safety for net farmers.
University is the path most millennials take in this modern century. They can get accepted into highly regarded universities that can cost a lot of money to attend. University should be free for three main reasons the cost of student loans, the benefits of a better educated population and equality.
In light of this, I would like to explore research frontiers in the area of the challenges of managing food and farm businesses in a global setting of the 21st Century. In our society beleaguered by agricultural problems that ranges from economic to environmental problems such as weather and global warming, issues concerning trade and management of agricultural enterprises has been the topic of debate for the past decade. Many developing/poor countries who earn their living from agriculture continuously suffer from poverty and hunger as a result of the increasing pressures on the world's resource base. Policymakers are gripped with finding solutions to problems such as structural and technological constraints, inappropriate domestic policies and an unfavourable external economic environment. As a result, the growth of these economies has been slow, undernourishment has been increasing and the marginalization of these countries in the global economy has continued. This trend has created problems for developing countries over the past decade. Economic and financial
Due to such events as the subprime mortgage crisis, the auto market and Wall Street’s failure, the United States suffered a severe economic blow. Looking at the situation from an economic view, supply is supposed to equal demand. Due to the mortgage crisis and the careless attempts of some to make money, there is a superfluous amount of empty homes throughout the United States. In the subprime mortgage crisis, the nature of the failure was the inability to account for money given to individuals, who lack the appropriate requirements. In order to obtain a loan, collateral is needed. References were not being checked and poor credit history went ignored. People were obtaining loans and not paying attention to the interests rates associated. “This time around, the slack standards allowed millions of high-risk borrowers to get easy home mortgages. When this so-called subprime market collapsed beginning about a year ago, ordinary working people bore the brunt” (Gallagher, 2008). Companies were so anxious to place people in homes, that it cost them billions of dollars and
3. Inadequate Institutional Credit: Agriculture credit is disbursed through multi-agency network consisting of Commercial Banks(CB), Regional Rural Banks & Co-operative Banks. Still, approximately 50% of farmers depend on