Fatme Dakroub Case

While hate crime is a fairly new label for a crime, the existence of hate crimes has been present since the early days of the United States. Throughout US history, murders, assaults, and destruction of property has occurred against African Americans, American Indians, Irish immigrants, Asian Americans, Latino’s, gays, the mentally handicapped, and all other groups of minorities. Since the terrorist attacks on 9/11, there has been an increase in racial based attacks against those of Middle Eastern descent, whether they are Muslim or not. Of all of these, African Americans are subjected to the highest number of hate crimes (Martin 1996), with Muslims, homosexuals, and transgendered people on

According to the report of FBI(2000), the number of anti-islamic hate crime incidents prior the terrorist attacks were 28. In the immediate year after 9/11, 481 incidents were reported against the Muslims and Arabs(FBI 2002). The hate crime statistics of FBI conforms a staggering increase of 1617 percent in such a short period of time. The Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC) reported that over 700 violent incidents were ruthlessly targeted against Arab Americans within the first 9 weeks after the 9/11(Ibish 2003). These incidents included physical violence, death threats, harassment, mockery ,hate mails and many others. Suddenly, an unknown society was brought into the negative spotlight due to the actions of a handful of people.

A 2006 Today/Gallup poll found that 44% of Americans had the perception that all Muslims were too extreme in their religious beliefs and 22% of the respondents would not want a Muslim as a neighbor. Islamophobia in America skyrocketed as a result of the 9/11 attacks and changed the way that Muslim-Americans and other Americans were able to interact with one another. These statistics show that there was significant fear of Muslims in the years after 9/11. In the years following the attacks, the number of hate crimes against Muslims in America spiked and have not dropped to pre-attack levels since. As Graph 1 shows, in 2001, there were a reported 481 hate crimes and majority of these would have occurred in the months following September. Although

Immediately affter 9/11, Muslim Americans were victims to more frequent hate crimes and bias incidents. According to the FBI (2002), hate crimes against Muslims rose 1,600 percent between the years of 2000 and 2001; going from 12 hate incidents in 2000 to 93 in 2001. A study conducted immediately after 9/11 showed that 40 percent of Americans felt that the attacks represented the “true teachings of Islam” and that between 2002 and 2003 the number of Americans that thought Islam promotes violence against non-Muslims rose by 14 percent (Panagopoulos, 2006). When Muslims themselves were surveyed, their feelings mirrored the findings in post 9/11 studies: 91 percent of Muslims surveyed believed that discrimination against Muslims in the United

Since 9/11/2001 hate crimes related to Islam-phobia has risen to nearly 481 and since has stayed above 100 in subsequent years. In 2015, 2% of hate crimes are anti-Islamic. Many times people are attacked for wearing hijabs, and even non-Islamic, Arabic people that wear hijabs are attacked because of their "terrorist" appearance. This is a ludicrous thing, comparing a group of millions of faithful followers to 22 extremists. Now, every day, Islamic followers live in fear of being attacked for their beliefs; this fear escalates one day a year—9/11.

However, there are hundreds of people across the nation who have decided to discriminate Muslims because of the terrorist attack. There was a major increase in anti-Islamic violence after the attacks (Villemez). In 2000, there were a reported 28 hate crimes towards Islamic people, whereas that number jumped to 481 in 2001 (Villemez). In a survey done, a majority of Muslims have experienced verbal harassments and increased airport security (Villemez). Prior to 9/11, 80% of Americans opposed racial profiling, but that same number turned to support discrimination against those who were assumed to be Arab or Muslim (“A Rage Shared by Law”, 1267).

Throughout the years there have been several hate crimes or laws put in place to put down the muslim community, two of the most recent and most controversial examples of discrimination towards the muslim community would be president donald j. Trumps attempt to pass both a muslim registry and a ban on all muslims coming in the U.S. thankfully the bills weren't passed, this however does show the level in which some americans are willing to go to in order to remove a “threat to society” this also show the change in americans psychi making racism and discrimination socially acceptable more and more when even the government is making it seem acceptable to discriminate thus increasing the amount of hate crimes towards

On December 2, 2015, Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik walked into a federal building and killed 14 people and injured 22. The couple fled in an SUV and later got into a shootout with police officers and was killed in their vehicle. I don’t want to take away anything from the victims of this horrible tragedy, but this set the stage for the huge battle between a tech giant in Apple and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). During the FBI investigation, it was discovered that the male suspect Rizwan Farook had in his possession a locked IPhone-5C running the iOS 7 operating system. The FBI quickly discovered that this phone would be very difficult to unlock, so they decided to turn to Apple for help in solving this issue.

Violence has sadly become a large part of our society, as have hate crimes. Since the Paris attacks, there has been a huge incline of hate crimes against Muslims Americans and mosques. “The spike includes assaults on hijab-wearing students; arsons and vandalism at mosques at mosques; and shootings and death threats at Islamic-owned businesses […]” (Lichtblau). These attacks are bitter and cruel, but it is not the end of what has recently been happening to Muslims . This past December, there were multiple accounts of hate crimes against Muslims. On December 5th/6th, “A Muslim woman wearing a hijab said a man cut her off and threw stones at her car while she was driving away from a mosque…” (MacNeal). On December 10th, “A Muslim family in Plano, Texas, said that they had the windows on their home smashed two days in a row -- just six weeks after they moved to the area…” (MacNeal). Not only is this a horrible crime, but someone, maybe a child, could have been by that window. This act could have been fatal, and it shows how evil some people are. On December 13, two southern California mosques were vandalized. In the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Baitus-Salaam Mosque located in Hawthorne, California, a plastic replica of a hand grenade was found. This is a very serious way of threatening people, and about the same level of threat as a phone call saying someone was going to come in with a gun and kill people. To add to this, the fence surrounding the mosque of the Islamic Center of Hawthorne had the word “Jesus” spray-painted on it (MacNeal). Not only was this vandalization, but it took away someone’s right to religious freedom and knowing there was somewhere to pray without being judged, stereotyped, told it was wrong, or told they should be a different religion. Lastly, in “2013 Hate Crime Statistics” the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) reported that

Legendary boxer and famous figure for the Muslim community, Muhammad Ali once said: “The word 'Islam ' means 'peace. ' The word 'Muslim ' means 'one who surrenders to God. ' But the press makes us seem like haters.” As Ali points out the United States public today has criminalized the religion of Islam and this has caused discrimination on the structural level. Citizens in the United States expect that they are not subject to marginalization and be treated equally. Instead what Muslim constituents are finding is that they are being treated unfairly by law enforcement. Undermining the laws of the United States sets a dangerous precedent for the future. Thus it is absolutely crucial that the United States federal

Ahmed Ali Al-Kateb was taken into immigration detention in accordance with Migration Act 1958 (Cth) s198(1) "an officer" who knows or reasonably suspects that a person in the migration zone is an unlawful non-citizen to detain that person”. On 6 January 2000 he applied for a protection

Even if we assume that Shahmaleki does have a property interest in his continued enrollment then there is still no due process issue as the University provided Shahmaleki sufficient process under the law. Students in disciplinary settings are only entitled to “some kind of notice and afforded some kind of hearing”. Students should normally be given notice of the charges, an explanation of the evidence against them and an opportunity to present their side of the story. These are not rigid requirements, though, as due process is flexible and tailored to the specific facts of a case. In determining what is enough process, courts balance the student’s interest in the educational process against the state’s interest in discipline and order. Courts also consider the costs to the University and how more process may impact the educational purpose of the institution. The state’s interest in the balancing test is heightened

According to NBC News, following the September 11 attacks in 2001, there were four hundred eighty one reported anti-Muslim hate crimes in the United States, totaling an average of 40 per month. The number of these attacks continues to rise today. Muslims seem to have targets on their backs. The arrow pointed at them is known as Islamophobia, the hatred and prejudice against the religion of Islam.

September 11th holds many hard and upset feelings around the world today. The harsh actions of Muslim extremists unfortunately completely changed the way Muslims are treated, especially in the United States. These events, exacerbated islamophobia. Unfortunately, “the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, connect Muslims and Islam to terrorism within the geographical borders of the United States.” (Byng) Although it has been over a decade since the attack, many still feel racist and discriminatory attitudes towards Muslims. Muslims are the targeted minority in the United States, “the 9/11 terrorist attacks shifted the social and political context for Muslims in the United States. Terrorism within the geographical borders of the United States carried out by Muslims places an identity at the center of national and global politics.” (Byng) The blame of the horrible terrorist attacks, rather than be placed on terrorists or religious extremist, has been placed on Islam in America. After September 11th, hate crimes towards Muslims skyrocketed, “the most dramatic change noted by the report was a more than 1,600 percent increase in reported hate crimes against Muslims -- a jump from 28 hate incidents in 2000 to 481 last year.”

The connection between Islam and terrorism was not intensified until the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center that pushed the Islamic faith into the national and international spotlight (Smith, 2013). As Smith (2013) articulated, “Many Americans who had never given Islam a second thought before 9/11 now had to figure out how to make sense of these events and relate to the faith tradition that ostensibly inspired them” (p. 1). One way in which people made sense of these events was through the media channels that influenced their overall opinions by shaping a framework of censored ideas (Yusof, Hassan, Hassan & Osman, 2013). In a survey conducted by Pew Forum (2012), 32% of people reported that their opinions of Muslims were greatly influenced by the media’s portrayal of Islam that depicted violent pictorials and fundamentalist Muslims. Such constant negative depiction is likely to lead to the inevitable—prejudice and hate crime. For instance, in 2002 alone there were approximately 481 hate crimes that were carried out against Muslims (Smith, 2013). Ever since the 9/11 attacks Muslim people have been the target of “suspicion, harassment and discrimination” (Talal, n.d., p. 9).