financial resources available to the government due to conduct a sale in some units owned and lead to the retreat of the responsibility the state budget for financing investments, and increase productivity the quantity and quality of the availability of better methods of management.
Al-Laham, et al. (2009) studied the Development of Electronic Money and Its Impact on the Central Bank Role and Monetary Policy. This paper depends on analytical method at determining the impact of the development of electronic money in the different areas. Data variables such as monetary supply, exchange rates, the money multiplier, velocity of money and seignorage are consider. Results shows that e-money, as a network good, could become an important form of
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Hence the recommendation suggested that the effects of monetary policy transmitted through the financial indicators of the firms which are large enough to notice. However the financial advisors are the policy makers and it required vigilant eye at the financial figures of different companies, in order to reform and cater the monetary policies.
Din and Khawaja (1995) investigated the determinants of interest spread of the banking industry in Pakistan. by using cross section data model, data variables Concentration, Inelasticity, Liquidity, Market Share, Equity, Nonperforming Loans, Administrative cost, GDP growth, Inflation, Interest rate. Feasible Generalized Least Square (GLS) on pooled data technique has been used. Results shows that there is no evidence of interest spread which influence the performance factors of banking industry that also includes the other financial sectors example of which are DFI and investments funds that can serve as an alternate to banks for small savers,
Mwenda and Mutoti (2009) investigates the effects of market-based financial sector reforms on the competitiveness and efficiency of commercial banks, and economic growth, in Zambia. By using the variables such as Macroeconomic per capita GDP and inflation. Further, by using an
In order for the Federal Reserve to fulfill their goal of moderate long term interest rates, stable prices and maximum employment, they rely on developing strategic changes to the monetary policy. Through monetary policy changes, the Federal Reserve can either restrict or encourage economic growth and inflation, thereby molding the macroeconomy into a state of consistent health. Overall, there are three tools used to modify the monetary policy, they include reserve requirements, discount rates, and open market operations. In an effort to promote price stability within the economy, these tools influence monetary conditions by affecting interest rates, credit availability, money supply and security prices. While one tool is use more frequently than the others, all three are necessary in establishing stable economic conditions.
The nation's monetary policy is set up by the Federal Reserve in order to support the aims and objectives of better employment, stable prices and a suitable and logical long term interest rates. One of the main challenges that are faced by policy makers is the stress among the aims and objectives that can occur in the short term and the fact that information regarding the economy becomes delayed and can be inaccurate (Monetary).
Monetary policy is the domain of a nation’s central bank. The Federal Reserve System (commonly called the Fed) in the United States and the Bank of England of Great Britain are two of the largest such “banks” in the world. Even though there are some differences between the two, the basis of their operations are almost exact and are also effective for highlighting the various measures that can constitute monetary policy.
Congress has handed over the responsibility for monetary to the Federal Reserve, also known as the Fed, but retains oversight responsibilities in order to ensure that the Federal Reserve adheres to the statutory mandate of stable prices, moderate long-term rates of interest, as well as, maximum employment (Labonte, 2014). The responsibilities of the Fed as the country’s central bank are classified into four: monetary policy, supervision of particular types of banks and financial institutions for soundness and safety, provision of emergency liquidity through the function of the lender of last resort, and the provision of services of the payment system to financial institutions, as well as, the government (Labonte, 2014). The monetary role of the Federal Reserve necessitates aggregate demand management. The Federal Reserve defines monetary policy as the measures it undertakes in order to influence the cost and availability of credit and money to enhance the objectives mandated by Congress, which is maximum sustainable employment and a stable price level (Appelbaum, 2014). Since the expectations of businesses as capital goods purchasers and households as consumers exert an essential influence on the main section of spending in America, and the expectations are influenced in essential ways by the Federal Reserve’s actions, a wider definition would involve the policies, directives, forecasts of the economy, statements, and other actions by the Federal Reserve, particularly those
"Monetary Policy is the most significant function of the Fed; it is probably the most-used policy in macroeconomics" (Colander, 2004, p. 661). This paper will discuss and elaborate on "The Monetary Policy Report" submitted to the Congress on February 11, 2003 and concepts of Macroeconomics by David Colander. The state of the economy, concerns of the Federal Reserve, and the stated direction of recent monetary policy will also be discussed.
The internet has allowed the money market to operate 24 hours a day. It has been noted however that exchange rate volatility has increased,[v] which makes it more difficult for the government to set monetary policy.
The term monetary policy refers to the actions that the Federal Reserve undertakes to influence the amount of money and credit in the U.S. economy. Changes to the amount of money and credit affect interest rates (the cost of credit) and the performance of the U.S. economy.The Federal Open Market Committee formulates the monetary policy,
The government really needs to focus more on assisting the people who really truly need their help. They need to stop helping the ones in this magnificent country of ours such as: drug addicts, illegal immigrants, and all those people who live to take advantage of the system and find loopholes. They need to do background checks on the people who they assist and do quarterly personal check-ups to make sure they are spending this countries tax money on the right things. They need to help out the homeless more, as well as the people that are almost homeless for next to uncontrollable reasons such as divorce, and natural disasters that befall onto them.
The financial crisis in the early 2000’s has raised questions on the linkage between the monetary policy and the financial markets. This document will analyze the impact of a country’s net balance of payments on the exchange rate of the country’s currency. An analysis of the impact of a country’s net level of interest rates and nominal inflation rate on the country’s exchanged rate will also be reviewed. In addition, a review of the growth in a country’s Gross National Product will be analyzed to determine if there is any relationship to a country’s trade deficits. Finally, a recommendation will be presented on how monetary policies could be employed in the future.
If the government needs money for anything, there are lots of alternatives for where this money can come from. Each option has it’s own sacrifices that have to be made when reducing funding. Schools, however, do not need any money and they will operate just as effectively no matter how little money they have and are therefore the best place to take money from, right? Wrong. In fact, this statement couldn’t be farther from the truth. Despite this, state and country leaders seem to support this idea, at least judging by their actions. Lack of funding is easily the greatest and most devastating problem in education today as it is not only a problem on its own, but a root cause for most of the issues the education system faces daily.
We take the position that digital currencies are a fad. As argument, we try to clarify the definition of currency in general and explain what a "digital currency" really mean. Than we examine the arguments for the digital currencies and at the end we present the evidences of perils of digital currency.
C) decreases the amount of funds that business firms can raise by selling newly-issued stock.
The monetary policy is among the most crucial tools the United States central bank can put into use so as to achieve the various economic objectives. The outlook of the US economy should underline the progress that the Fed reserve has initiated towards the mentioned dual mandate which has been put into place by the Fed reserve towards the constant dual mandate goals of employment to the maximum in the price stability context (Steven, 2011). Over the recent times or years, the US economy has progressed towards the outlined goals. However, in the context of the United States monetary policy, the rate of unemployment is still at high levels while the rate of inflation is too low. Due to the uncertainty of the US monetary policy, normalization can be determined since it is data dependent (Axilrod, 2011). Whenever there is a shift in monetary policy, it is crucial to be mindful of the most likely occurrences since they come alongside by certain degrees of market turbulence and stress. Additionally, if the US monetary policy is normalized, some certain challenges will be formed for the economies in the emerging markets (Steven, 2011). It is upon the Federal Reserve therefore to address the risks that come with the US monetary policies.
Throughout this period monetary policy, implemented by the independent Federal Reserve Board, commonly known as the Fed, was used to try to fine tune the short term economic situation by manipulating the interest rate, and the money
While the direct approach has been used very extensively in the more developed market economic, the indirect approach predominate in the less developed economics such as Nigeria. Nonetheless, both technology aim at influence the cost and availability of banking system’s credit. The direct system techniques involves fixing of