Respondents have not proven that the means of discrimination used in the female-only Forensic Science Camp is substantially related to their alleged governmental interest.
To prove a substantial relationship, a state actor must show that “the classification serves important governmental objectives and that the discriminatory means employed are substantially related to the achievement of those objectives.” United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515, 516 (1996). To show a substantial relation, the justification for discrimination “must be genuine, not hypothesized . . . and it must not rely on overbroad generalizations about the different talents, capacities, or preferences of males and females.” Id. at 533.
In Virginia, a historic state military institute was criticized for not allowing females into a historically male university. The Court found that Virginia could not show a substantial correlation to any governmental interest. They said, “a tenable justification must
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They hold the girls-only camp responsible for higher retention rates (L.F. 33), bolstered confidence among female students (L.F. 32), and the continued success of its attendees after college (L.F. 25). However, there is once again no empirical evidence confirming this claim. For instance, Vera Ruben, the founder of the camp, says that women who attend the camp “seem to have more confidence than my other female students.” She goes on to say that, she “thinks” this is due solely to Forensic Science Camp.” (L.F. 33). At no point does she consider that there may be a correlation between confidence and students who attend, not women who are made more confident because of the camp. All evidence of a substantial relationship is word of
Bent, J.R., (2011). The telltale sign of discrimination: probabilities, information asymmetries, and the systematic disparate treatment theory, University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2011, Volume 44, Issue 4, p. 797
Forensic science has come a long way from where it was less than 100 years ago. It has only been relatively recently that the advancement of technology we use, has occurred. The Body Farm, an institute in Knoxville, Tennessee, is a place where dead corpses are left to rot and then studied on how the body decays in different circumstances. Death’s Acre: Inside the Legendary Body Farm tells about the farm from Dr. Bill Bass’ point of view, from the establishment of the farm, to the impact in the world of forensic science the farm has caused. David Pitt and Alynda Wheat offers their insight into the book in their reviews. The Body Farm has been a monumental stepping stone to the advancement of modern day forensic sciences. Dr. Bill Bass, is making
Federal (Title VII) and State legislation prohibit intentional discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin and prohibit both “disparate treatment” and “disparate impact” discrimination.
When defining, individual discrimination, institutional discrimination, and structural discrimination, I decided to use some of my pasted lecture notes. First, individual discrimination
Legal Question: The legal issue presented in this case ultimately questioned the University of Michigan’s admission policy which sought a more diverse student body. The court addressed whether the University of Michigan’s use of racial preferences in the admission process violated
Prior to this Supreme Court case, there were many schools that were “male-only” or “female-only”. In a time when social changes were happening throughout the country (desegregation and women’s rights), having an institution that promotes men over women was not going to just fly over the heads of women and the Constitution. In 1990, the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) was smacked in the face with a subpoena by the district court, the United States brought upon the charges. This case was brought about by a female in high school that complained to the U.S. Justice department about VMI being a male-only institution. Her application that was processed at VMI was not accepted without even regarding her qualifications. VMI was tried for discrimination
The Petitioners were married in the District of Columbia pursuant to its laws. Shortly after their marriage, the Petitioners returned to Virginia and were charged by a grand jury with violating Virginia’s ban on interracial marriages. The Petitioners pled guilty to the violation and left the State of Virginia pursuant to a condition of their judicial sentence. The Petitioners filed suit in a Virginia state court to have the sentence vacated pursuant to the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The state court denied the motion to vacate the sentences. The Supreme Court of Appeals affirmed the lower court’s decision based on the rationale that the State had a legitimate purpose in preserving the
Generally speaking, discrimination is rooted in within the “cultural fabric of the United States” along the lines of “housing, employment, health, and the criminal justice system” (Camara & Orbe, 2011). Hecht (1998) describes the term, “discrimination involves the power and capacity to act followed by actual selective/targeted action against someone else emanating from one’s
If an employer treats some job applicants who are protected under the civil rights laws less favorably than others because of their protected status, the applicant may have a Title VII claim. A causal connection between the applicant's protected status and less favorable treatment may be proven under a disparate treatment theory. Equally important, proof of discriminatory intent is required in a disparate treatment case. The employer's motivation and intent can be proven through circumstantial evidence that the job applicant was treated less favorably than similarly situated job applicants outside of the protected class. Essentially, the burden of proof for a Title VII disparate treatment case is based upon the burden-shifting test that the United States Supreme Court articulated in McDonnell Douglas Gorp. v. Green. In this influential case, the Court established the well organized framework to determine whether employment discrimination occurred due to disparate treatment. To prove a prima facie case in an employment discrimination case based on disparate treatment, a plaintiff must show that he/she is a member of a protected class who applied for and was qualified for a position but was rejected based on his protected status. The
Victims of violent attacks and abuse need care from health professionals who have been trained to evaluate and treat trauma victims provided by forensic medical care for injuries that were acquired by sexual and isexually consensual sex tthat was between partners that became violence, child and sexual abuse, and elder abuse. Forensic healthcare providers are mostly administered by registered nurses, which are also followed by but not limited from the evaluation from advanced team of practical nurses, physicians, and physician assistants. Which this team provides advanced series of medical treatment and evaluation, which is specialized Healthcare science in which injury and violent attacks are identified , Then it is researched
I was once told that every entomologist has some sort of origin story – a distinctive moment when it became clear that they had a connection to insects. My story starts when I was eight, and I had just arrived home after school to find a red wasp perched right on the door handle to my house. I was so terrified of it that I went all the way around the back of the house and through the back door to avoid it. To my growing horror, I discovered that said wasp had decided to make a home in the left corner of our front entrance, and now I would have to wait for the bus cowering in fear of my new housemate.
When addressing legal issues of diversity in the modern day era, one main topic is brought to discussion, affirmative action. It was put into place by the federal government in the 1960’s and was initially developed to close the gap in relation to the privileged majority and the unprivileged minority in America (Aguirre Jr. & Martinez, 2003). While it has been controversial since its origin, it remains controversial as critics argue it tries to equalize the impact of so many
I would be an excellent applicant for this job due to my copious experience in the forensic science field. I graduated with a 4.0 and got my bachelor’s degree in chemistry from the University of Minnesota Twin Cities. I went on to apprentice with LGC, a lab that does drug tests. In this apprenticeship I acquired skills essential to all forensic scientists such as booking samples and labeling them properly, logging lab information into databases, and communicating lab results effectively. I also had the opportunity to screen samples for specific drugs and to complete further tests to determine the concentration of any drugs present in samples. I took these skills with me into my next forensic science experience, working as a paid intern at the Minnesota Department of Public
Over the span of this Anthropological course, I have come upon the realization that Forensic Anthropology is a big interest of mine. So I would like to apply to the department of Anthropology’s Honors program to further my studies. My motivations for this decision are derived from several places. For one, becoming part of the prestigious program would help me gain the necessary experience that would allow me to further my career goals and obtain a job that will make me happy. The skills and experience that would come from participating in this program are unparalleled. It would allow me to fully develop and become my full potential while also harvesting my skills in the subject of Anthropology. Another motivation that lead me to apply to the
A cross disciplinary study would need to be an in depth look at a subject matter that other professions can help build on. I would like to see patterns for disease leading up to the infamous black death of the fourteenth century in Europe and then what the patterns looked like as it began to spread across medium sized villages through England. To do this correctly for either part I would need an idea of how the villages in question operated on a normal basis without the threat of a seemingly unstoppable outbreak of black death. The main component of this would to gather information on the villages in a certain area of England during the thirteenth century and this would put my own historian skills to the test. After I acquired this information