Globalwarming, Ice Core Samples, Dendrochronology and Peat Bogs

Indirect measurements of atmospheric composition can host reliable sources of information around the climate of today in comparison with the historical climate. One way of gaining information about past

This new electronic probe for measuring the age of trees have a larger problem with reliability because the electronic device provided repeatable results in two occasions (when the results returned a 45 years old value as well as the 47 years old value).

In 1947 Clair "Pat" Patterson began to calculate the age of the Earth by the request of Harrison Brown at the University of Chicago. The age of the Earth was always questionable to historians before Pat Patterson. In 1650 James Usher Archbishop of Ireland accepted biblical views as authoritative and used events from the old testament to calculate the age of the Earth. His calculations gave him the result of Saturday October 22, 4004 B.C. at six o' clock P.M. Scientists after that began to try and measure the sediments of rock in the Earth but their calculations varied too widely from three million to fifteen billion years. It was then discovered that by calculating the amount of lead in meteorites you will be able to see exactly how old the Earth really is.

Phenology is the study of how the world times its natural events, particularly in relation to plant and animal life as well as climate pattern. The three major nonbiological factors that affect phenology are sunlight, temperature and precipitation. It’s important to have an understanding of phenology because it gives us an insight on the health of the world and its inhibitors. Some advantages of phenology are knowing the best crop planting dates as well as when we should initiate pest control because knowing this information can lead to a greater yield of crops.2 In this phenology report we are going to specifically track a male Ginkgo tree for about two months and record major changes in climate and appearance.

Global warming is the increase of Earth's average surface temperature due to greenhouse gases that collect in the atmosphere, trapping the sun's heat and causing the planet to warm up

The graph visually represents the various temperature anomaly changes between 1880 and 2005. Temperature anomaly, quite simply, is the deviation from the average temperature for the region over a period of time. It can be either positive or negative, and this data undeniably supports the fact that climate change is very real. In the late nineteenth century, the majority of the temperature anomalies were negative. Unfortunately, Earth has not seen a negative temperature anomaly since 1982. At the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty first, the anomalies were overwhelmingly positive. Visually, the data points create a shape that curves upwards as it progresses. This visual is strengthened by the addition of a regression

Several different scientific measurements have illustrated the fact that the climate of the Earth is indeed changing. Firstly, measuring the temperature of both the air and the sea through thermometers indicates the changes from the average (IFM-SEI 2011). In addition, soil has been analyzed to examine the forms of isotopes and levels of oxygen and carbon. Radiocarbon dating has also been utilized as have recordings of number, intensity, and the location of extreme weather events and natural disasters within the last century.

That’s not to say that links between solar activity and Earth’s climate don’t exist, however; they clearly do. There are just other factors that may be more influential. For example, the amount of power the sun produces, or solar irradiance, is reduced by only 0.1% during this time of less frequent sunspots. However, the amount of ultraviolet output over a solar cycle can deposit energy in our stratosphere that is a direct causation of colder winters in Europe at

Global warming is the upward temperature trend that has been occurring across the earth since the early 20th century due to greenhouse gases, which are gases that trap heat in the atmosphere including carbon dioxide and methane. The climate has always shifted back and forth between extremely cold and hot temperatures but normally these changes occur over hundreds and thousands of years. But over the past 50 years, the average global temperature has increased at the fastest rate ever recorded.

Paleontologist use tools, such as ice cores and fossils, to determine how Earth has changed over the ages. Molds, Cast, Petrified, Carbonized and Trace fossils are the most commonly found fossils. Ice cores are tubular samples of snow and ice that has built up over thousands of years. With the help of the fossils and ice cores, scientist are able to tell Earth’s climate, environment, and changes in the surface from 4.6 billion years ago.

In this paper, I will explain what is the Anthropocene and how it is affecting the mortality of trees. Tree especially forest can be wiped out in two way, abiotic and biotic. Abiotic means of death are naturally accruing events that trees experience and with given time build resilience to, but with the help of man these events have become more reoccurring and much more extreme. Climate change is a great factor in the increase of tree mortality, with the rise in global temperature and the increase in extreme weather from the intense burning of fossil fuels. Biotic means that affect the mortality of trees are starvation due to lack of light, water and sometimes lack of Carbon dioxide. There are also diseases, insects and direct biotic means such as deforestation, all will be discussed at some point in this paper.

Interestingly, from 1833-1876 the tree rings at Tlingit Point are strongly correlated with previous October and November temperatures, especially during the early part of this period when there were only a few trees, though this could also be due to a colder climate during the end of the Little Ice Age (Figure 4; Figure 7; Figure 8). Though, starting about 1860, the trees here began to have a very strong correlation with late spring and then summer temperatures, which has only gotten stronger over time (Figure 9; Figure 10; Figure 11; Figure 12; Figure 18; Figure 19). Previous studies of sites in the Glacier Bay area have found that trees located at higher elevations are becoming more positively correlated with summer temperature over time, which is true for this site as well (Jarvis et al., 2013). This means that the trees are growing larger rings as summer temperatures rise, likely because these warmer temperatures mean more valuable growing days. Not surprisingly, summer sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are also positively correlated with ring width, because these temperatures are similar to land temperatures

1. In museums the specimen are used to see what their responses to the climate change are. In addition phenological studies provide a response indicator within this research of earlier dates of flowering in certain locations.

One of the main aspects to dating in dendrochronology is using the principle of cross dating. Cross dating is the act of locating corresponding tree ring patterns from a set of extensive and thin rings then comparing them to another sample. Researchers use this matching and synchronicity of the rings to get approximate dates.

The dendrochronology employ the tree rings to measure the tree's age, every ring count as a year, which the tree's width depending on the weather conditions, precipitation, rainfall; moreover, the sequence of the rings and beams are diagnostic and richer and different than the Morse code, and the wider rings expose the further rainfall and premier weather