performance is impacted by the kind of test they expect. They were also curious to see if test expectancies varying on the level of assessed processing from earlier practice tests would transfer onto later reading comprehension test performance. The two variables manipulated in the study were test expectancy, either congruent or not, and tested processing type. The study used a 2 (expectancy either memory or inference) x 2 (question type memory or inference test) in which 59 graduate students were randomly
have always felt more negative versus positive. However, the teacher attempts to set up these rules to maximize the classroom environment in order to achieve learning. “Importantly, rules may help students with language problems better understand expectations and set the stage for positive environmental influences for effective classroom behaviors” (14). All functioning classrooms set up a classroom management system to help with a major part of teaching and assisting all students with EBD. The article
regulations, values, and ceremonies, making religion a belief system, hence creating clarity to support faith. Catholicism has become a belief system that feeds its follower with answers; however, these answers are only assumptions. There are no factual answers, and as a result, religious leaders have created an expectation in which religion is supposed to fit; nonetheless, its accuracy is unknown. In Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s short story “A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings,” the values of religion
about as we go through our studies and they vary from Constructivists to Multiple Intelligences to Multisensory. As we progress in the world of education, these learning theories are constantly changing in importance depending on the government, expectations and the type of curriculum we are focusing on. One thing we have seen is that over the years we go in a complete circle. Former curricular methods and theories are eventually revisited and put back in the forefront. One of the learning theories
the Pressure: understanding some of the ways in which test anxiety can develop within students. Imagine sitting in a small coffeehouse with a delicious coffee sitting close by, on a peaceful rainy day. This is the perfect time to stay inside and prepare for an upcoming exam. A large stack of color coded, handwritten note cards are filled with all the information discussed within the class, textbooks and notes are scattered. Hours go by, a great amount of studying and reviewing is done. The student
about why human beings have two ears, but only one tongue. Many people may ask well, why do we have two ears and only one tongue? The answer to this question entails simple math; so we have to listen twice as much as we speak. Listening and communication is critical to learning. According to a study, approximately 70% of students scoring high on listening tests are considered honors students or excel in learning and life (Janusik). Today listening and communication is a struggle because of the
resulted in a monumental shift in the classroom to a focus on extensive test preparation, as well as a large influx of instructors cheating and alternating their students tests; both can be seen as a direct consequence of the heightened incentives and punishments placed upon teachers. Many teachers have taken acceptable measures in improving their students’ scores, such as simply “teaching to the test”, and taking class time to teach test taking techniques and procedures often resulting in a significant
In order to understand whether rewards and punishment operate as similar factors an experiment was designed. Subjects underwent an auditory task where they had to mark down answers on an answer sheet. Answers marked down showed that punishment had a greater effect on behavior. Once analyzed, the results showed that punishment and reward do not have a symmetric law of effect. In fact, giving a punishment had a stronger effect on behavior than giving a reward. Introduction A staggering twelve years
of cheating other than those that are disciplinary? The four types of cheaters can be classified as “addicts”, “desperados”, “bandwagoners”, and “subconscious”. The addicts are those students who cheat on every assignment, whether it is homework, tests, quizzes, or papers. They will resort to looking at other students, getting papers from former students, and anything else it takes to pass the assignment and consequently the class. They are driven to do this as they don’t care enough to do the
testing has resulted in a focus on extensive test preparation, as well as a large increase in the numbers of teachers cheating by alternating their students' test scores. Both these phenomena are a direct consequence of the incentives and punishments directly linked to standardized test results. Many teachers have taken acceptable measures in improving their students’ scores, such as simply “teaching to the test”, and taking class time to teach test taking techniques and procedures often resulting