Gut Microbiome Essay

There are three types of environments in which cells are located which include isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic. In an isotonic environment, the amount of water and solute are the same both inside and outside of the cell. As water drifts into the a cell, the same amount flows out creating a balanced environment both inside and outside of the cell. When there is a high level of water on the outside of the cell and a high amount of solute inside the cell, water will be drawn inside of the cell creating a hypotonic solution. The increase in water inside the cell causes the cell to become engorged and erupt. In a

There are major effects in the United States and Europe to help identify the role of microbial communities in the human body. The colon requires a balance of microbial agents that assist with various functions of the body. An imbalance can lead to C.diff., irritable bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), neurological disorders, and obesity just to list a few. Many of these problems have grown to an epidemic proportion. Both the United States and Europe have started projects aimed at the microbial communities of the body and their roles in our health.

Did you know that there are more than a thousand different types of different tiny organisms called microbiota living inside your digestive system? Most people are probably grossed out by that, but it’s actually a good thing. The organisms break down food that our bodies can’t so that we can get nutrients from it. The article Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota explains that there are a lot of factors that affect the lives of the microbiota inside our digestive system. What we eat is a big factor that affects how microbiota live. When we were babies and drank breast milk, our microbiota used the nutrients from the milk to outlive other bacteria that could have been harmful to us. Experiments done to prove this were called

A number of studies, predominantly conducted in mice, have established a link between gut microbiota and obesity and have documented that a change in gut bacteria can have an effect on body weight. A 2004 study by Bäckhed et al. study was one of the earliest studies done on this topic and provided some of the first evidence that gut microbiota may play a role in energy balance and subsequently obesity.6 Conventionally raised mice were fed a polysaccharide rich diet and gained 40% more weight than germ-free mice fed the same diet.6 When gut bacteria from the conventionally raised mice was transplanted into the germ-free mice, the germ-free mice experienced a 60% weight gain in 2 weeks despite reduced food intake.6 Researchers attribute the weight

It is surely not uncommon to see people carry around different kinds of disinfectant sprays and other chemical products in order to reduce the amount of bacteria and germs on their skin and in their body. However, the fact is that distal human intestine represents “an anaerobic bioreactor programmed with an enormous population of bacteria.” The study was conducted in order to assess the influence of microbiota on the energy storage in mice raised without exposure to any microorganisms compared to the control group that had acquired a microbiota since birth. The study showed that the control group of mice acquired 40% more total body fat than their germ free counterparts, despite the fact that the control group consumed less food per day. This came as a result of microbiota that provide us with genetic and metabolic attributes we have not acquired in our own evolutionary process, such as the ability to harvest otherwise inaccessible nutrients. Coming back to Elizabeth Willson’s contention, study of the microstructure, in this case the gut microbiota, has had a reorganizing effect on how we view our bodies and forced us put greater value to the role of microorganisms in our own survival.

The human microbiome consists of the genes within the multitude of microbial cells indigenous to each person. The cells are collectively called the human microbiota, and consist mostly of bacteria in the gut. The colonization of the human microbiome is acquired at infancy and is constantly altered throughout the lifespan of any person based on culture, environment, and most influentially, diet. As the gut (and consequently, the bacteria in the gut/microbiome) plays an important role in digestion and nutrition, it is no surprise that there have been many studies, investigating the diversity of these organisms at different body sites on the same person as well as between individuals. Studies focusing on the effect of diet on the human microbiome

Gut microbiota changes in our body from birth to old age. The fetal intestinal tract is sterile until birth, after which the newborn tract begins to be colonized. Infants are exposed to a great variety of microorganisms from different environments during and immediately after birth, either in their encounter with their maternal vagina or by the cutaneous microorganisms depending on the type of delivery. Infants have lower intestinal bacteria counters with less diversity in the early weeks of life. Different method of feeding influences the microbiota. Until 2-3 years old, microbiota become similar to the adult microbiota. After that, it becomes stable until old age. Genetic factors such as obesity influence the development of gut microbiota.

Biedermann, L., & Rogler, G. (2015). The intestinal microbiota: its role in health and disease. European Journal Of Pediatrics, 174(2), 151-167. doi:10.1007/s00431-014-2476-2

B. Infants - The acteria that is passed on from mother to baby in order to kick start the development of the probiotic microbiota in infants. It has also been associated with relieving and reducing irritable bowel

human cells, most of our body is inhabited by other organisms that range from neutral species to pathogenic dangers. This diverse spectrum of microorganisms is called the human microbiota, and is composed of around 10-100 trillion commensal microbial cells (1). These may include bacteria, fungi, viruses, most of which may be harmless. Microbiota are dispersed throughout our bodies, though seem to be particularly concentrated within certain bodily “ecosystems” such as the gut, the vagina, and the mouth. Interestingly, the diversity between these sites is quite great, with research showing that the microbiome of the hand could be around 80-90% different from that of the gut (1). These separate microbial sites within the body dictate how certain pathogens will be killed off, and how the balance of the site will be maintained. As a site most densely populated with microbiota, the gut is responsible for making sure that the vitamins and minerals within foods were sufficiently absorbed and digested; a feat only possible due to the magnitude of microbial organisms within the site (2). In this sense, each site is extremely important to the overall harmony of the human body. Techniques to identify certain microbial taxa, as well as their genomic patterns range from studies of cultured isolates, which are used to link bacteria to certain phenotypes, to taxonomic profiling, a

Too much sugar and body fat can place you at a higher risk for AD. Blood vessels can become restricted due to stroke or from health conditions, such as obesity and diabetes. Metabolomics study by Dumas et al suggested that intestinal microbiota may similarly play an active role in the development of complex metabolic abnormalities, such as susceptibility to insulin resistance and fatty liver disease [75]. Subsequent examination of germ-free versus conventional mice on high-fat diet revealed that both insulin sensitivity and cholesterol metabolism are metabolic targets influenced by the intestinal microbiota [76]. Complementary clinical studies further demonstrated that elevated circulating levels of the gut flora metabolite within subjects

The human body harbours huge and complex microbial communities, called the microbiota. The microbiota is gaining importance in human health due to increasing evidence that its bacterial component plays a role in the occurrence of chronic diseases [1]. In this regard, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) (or gut) bacteria are very important [2], being the niche for many bacteria which have been extensively studied [3]. Rather than the action of single or group of gut bacteria, perturbation of the overall gut bacteria (dysbiosis) is crucial for the integrity of the GIT and extra-GIT disorders [4]. The gut bacterial composition is influenced by both intrinsic and extraneous factors [5]. These extraneous factors include diet [6] and physical activity [7].

In less than 2 months, Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston will start an experiment testing the effects of gut bacteria on human weight. To get the gut bacteria into the body, the participants will consume “poop pills” that are similar to capsules of fecal matter provided by OpenBiome, a nonprofit stool bank. One of the large concerns with using these “poop pills” is the safety of eating stool, but the producers of these “poop pills” go through extensive screening before accepting a stool donation. The researchers are optimistic as to the effects of these “poop pills” and hope that they could help treat obesity along with a healthy diet and exercise. In this experiment, the independent variable is the thin person’s fecal matter and the dependent variable is the amount of weight lost. The control group is the group of participants that ingest a placebo while the experimental group is the group that receives the thin person’s fecal matter.

The gut microbiota is a amazing portion of the human body; it performs a essential role in immunity and maintains our bodies healthy. New study indicates that the gut microbiome may even hold the key to a probable treatment for autism.

Diet: The Western diet has dramatically changed over the last 20 years. Much of our food is overdosed with GMO’s, chemicals sugar and animal fat, and children are eating that food at a very young age. Our decrease in gut bacteria plays a large role into how we’re able to stave off negativity in the body. In a study by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, they compared the gut flora of African children with children from Italy. It found, by in large, the African children had much a much stronger flora because their diet was mostly vegetarian and mimicked the diet of how humans ate 10,000 years ago.