Hadrian s Wall

According to ancient Roman legend, Romulus founded the city of Rome in 753 BC. Around this time a small group

The Romans are known for their civil and military architecture all around their empire. The Romans invented several architecture and engineering structures. They developed the arch, the dome, the Roman concrete, and the pavement. The pavement was a structure that is used to solve some of the issues they found to build the net of roads along their empire. They needed durable roads that would last a long time and support heavy loads. The basic structure of the pavement is a lower layer close to the ground that is called the sub base. It was made out of gravel. Above that layer there is another layer which is the base. It is made out of sand. On top of that there were pieces of stone that were cut into a square or rectangular

structures that would last for a very long time. Roman architects learned that using concrete as a filling

Rome invented concrete which is the #1 thing used in building today. They also used brick

When reading of the concrete that the ancient Romans used, and learning of their unique mixture of volcanic ash and slaked lime (“pozzolana”) I find it most interesting that this concrete still proves to be standing in some places today! It is said to be less sturdy than what we use here in America (Andrews, 2012) but no doubt it gave modern civilization the ingenuity to create what we use today.

One of the initial scholars to promote an opposition to the defensive theory was R.G. Collingwood. He suggested that the Wall was not in fact only used for defense, but as a means of patrolling the Roman border. Since the first challenging view, there has been a continuous debate about the Wall’s function between historians and scholars arguing their theories.

Emperor Hadrian born January 24, 76 AD in Hispania, Publius Aelius Hadrianus Buccellanus, was adopted by previous emperor Trajan. He later left Rome around age 14. His first military service was as Tribune under Emperor Nerva, whom later died. Then,Trajan took the throne, later died on campaign in 117 CE. He later ruled Rome in 117-138 CE. He was known to be the first to build a wall 80 miles long to separate to Romans from the Barbarians. He was also know for overseeing important building projects including Temple of Venus and Roma, Pantheon, and of course Hadrian’s Wall. Hadrian is known as the third of The Five Good Emperors.

The Roman Empire is credited with the development of many great achievements. These achievements can still be seen in Rome and throughout the world. The Romans are well known for their aqueduct system and huge colosseum that are still standing today. These monumental building feats would not have been created without the use and knowledge of many different techniques. The use of cement was one of the technologies employed to build these large structures. The utilization of arches was another. Many people associate the idea of arches with the Romans. However, they were not the first people to utilize arches. This paper will concentrate on why the Romans were credited with developing the arch; what they did to improve previous cultures use of arches; and how the Romans used arches to create massive structures that are still standing today.

Robert W. Hamilton, a British archaeologist, carried out excavations against the north wall of the Old City of Jerusalem almost 70 years ago from the years 1937-1938. Hamilton began several test soundings in order to determine the age of the accumulations at various points and to fix the approximate levels at the time of the last major reconstruction – in the middle of the sixteenth century A.D by Suleiman the Magnificent. The wall of the Old City of Jerusalem was rebuilt in the sixteenth century by the Ottoman Turkish ruler Suleiman the Magnificent. As such, Hamilton decided to determine the age of the accumulations of earlier construction sites by cleaning up the outside area of the North Wall of Jerusalem and Hamilton hoped the

The history of Scotland, in regards to this application, began in 1st Century AD. The Romans had landed in the British Isles not long prior, and had overwhelmed a significant amount of southern Britain. However, they had been unable to take most of Scotland, only staking a claim to the Firth of Forth in the southern part of the territory. The Romans suffered constant raids from the Picts, (Scots,) and so during a visit to Britannia in 122 AD, Emperor Hadrian decided that the best course of action would be to build a wall, (known as Hadrian’s Wall,) to prevent Scottish raids. Merely 20 years later, it was decided by Emperor Antoninus Pius that a wall further north, the Antonine Wall, was to be built, and this marked the northern border of the Roman Empire for 8 years before the Roman forces retreated to Hadrian’s wall. Despite several small invasion attempts by the Romans, the various tribes did not lose much, if any land. This state of affairs continued until around the 5th century and the collapse of the Roman Empire.

Augustus was the first Roman emperor. His actually name is Octavian. The last emperor of Rome is Romulus Augustulus.

famous creations was the Hadrian Wall. This was the defense barrier he built on the border

Rome was part of a social transformation which began in Greece and spread west to Italy, marking the formation of the city state (Momigliano, 1990. p. 52). Archaeological evidence in the form of better fortification and defence, permanent structures, an increased importance of sanctuary sites and monumental architecture all point to the fact that Rome was part of this transformation and was a cohesive settlement with community institutions in the seventh and sixth centuries BC (Coulston, 2000, Momigliano, 1990., Torelli, 1990).

Architecture often stands on its own edifying right, but how much more affluent we are to seek an understanding of the cultural diversity and design influence one had on architecture when presented in terms of an historical account. This paper seeks to piece together the formal elements of the villa with dignifying examples of diversity from Hadrian’s travels and abhor of the surroundings of Rome itself.