Health Security Case Study

Health has been influenced by many factors such as poor health status, disease risk factors, and limited access to healthcare. All these factors are due to social, economic and environmental disadvantages. According to the World Organization (WHO) (2015), “the social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities, which is the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries”

Gun violence has been on the rise for many years and there seems to be no solution. People feel more protected with guns in their home, but actually this increases their risk to be in harm’s way of being hurt or killed because of the gun. The majority of gun ownership is owned by civilians “75 percent of the world’s 875 million guns are civilian controlled”(Gun Violence). People also feel more protected when they carry a gun on their person but this also increases their risk of being harmed “Philadelphia study found that the odds of an assault victim being shot were 4.5 times greater if he carried a gun" and that "his odds of being killed were 4.2 times greater when armed”(Gun Violence). If people knew that it increases their risk of being killed then not very many people will carry a gun around.

School shootings, gang violence, drive by shootings, murder, and thousands of acts of violence are committed every day. Members of our society criticize their own people for this violence while they continue to sit back and do nothing about it. These acts of violence have many contributing factors. Violence in our country today is escalating because we don't control the distribution of the guns sold. There are not enough restrictions on guns sold legally. The illegal purchase of guns through the black market is out of control. There is not enough education on the usage and storage of guns.

These inequities in health and social indicators are perfect examples of the affect of political and economic factors that influence access to health services (Browne and Fiske 2001).

Those who live in poorer communities often suffer from greater ill health while those living in deprived areas are often without access to the best health care. This lack of prevention stems from poor education often received in those areas and the culture that often permeates within them.

The cause of bad health for millions of underprivileged population is poverty, thus poverty and poor health worldwide are inextricably interconnected. The causes of poor health are rooted in political, social and economic injustices. Poverty is both a cause and a result of poor health therefore it increases the chances of poor health. Communities are enslaved in poverty hence poor health is the end results of poor nutrition because the community can’t afford a balanced diet. Infectious and neglected tropical diseases kill and weaken millions of the poorest and most vulnerable people each year, for example, in Zambia children die from a preventable disease called malaria due to poverty.

The difference in health outcomes and the determinants between parts of a population caused by social, demographic, environmental and geographic characteristics is defined as health disparities (Dore & Eisenhardt,2015). Societal, economic, and political forces impact social determinants. (Dore & Eisenhardt, 2015) have indicated that health inequities are avoidable and preventable when appropriate actions are taken to lower the risk of illness.

Poor health can be mentally, physically, and socially. One component of health can be easily affected by another. Vulnerability is determined by predisposing characteristics, enabling characteristics and need characteristics. They determine the patient’s access to care and influence the individual’s risk of contracting an illness and recovering from an illness. The framework explains those with problems along multiple dimensions health needs are greater than those with problems along single dimensions. The predisposing characteristics are racial and ethnic characteristics. Racial is based on biological characteristics. Ethic refers to the common characteristic in culture, language, nationally, and religion. Gender and age are another predisposing characteristics such as women and children. Lastly, geographic location is a predisposing characteristics and would be consider rural health. The insurance status and is an enabling characteristics. The needs characteristics would be mental health, chronic illness, and disability. It is first important to understand that these distinctive characteristics to grasps and understand vulnerability factors and there can be some co-occurrence can occur. The vulnerability framework is a comprehensive model which factors in individual and ecological attributes of risk. It looks at the total population when exposed to risk and find common ground. Lastly, it

A. Plan of Investigation This investigation will assess the impact of amputations on the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865. The practice of amputations during the Civil War is perceived as a failure due to the high amount of casualties, uneducated practitioners, and attitudes towards medicine, but there were also limited successes in the practice of amputations. Primary documents and individuals directly involved in the conflict will be investigated to determine the impact of amputations during the conflict to analyze the arguments. Also, statistics and historians’ interpretations will be examined to analyze impact of amputations and different perspectives.

Beah witnesses and is affected by innumerable physical injuries. Appalling acts of violence cause “blood to sprinkle like rain”(25), and children are forced to patrol “in special units killing and maiming civilians”(37). These injuries inflict “too much pain and shock to shed tears”(13). In Sierra Leone the army “attacked civilian villages”(122), causing “a lot of civilian casualties”(123). The conflict led to immense casualties and caused egregious permanent injuries. The Revolutionary United Front carve “RUF”(21) on the bodies of people they send as messengers, and remove all of their “fingers with the exception of the thumb”(21). These markings are permanent, and serve as a constant reminder of the war and the atrocities committed in it. Exposure to immense loss of life and suffering worsens mental health and leads to a loss of community. Physical injuries can be detrimental to the livelihoods of copious people, since they become unable to accomplish tasks that they could previously. In addition to direct physical harm, violence can also cause physical harm indirectly. In Sierra Leone, the civil war lead to widespread starvation and malnourishment. Beah and his companions became “so hungry that it hurt to drink water”(30). A lack of agricultural production, due to a shortage of farmers and a lack of commerce, due to a lack of public safety hindered the distribution of food. Starvation leads to

The table in The Battle of Kalinga shows how many people were affected by that

There are an abundance of dangers associated with small arms proliferation. Yes, small arms are often used to protect lives, but they are also used equally as much to threaten the lives of millions. In agreement with 6.1.2 (Payne, 2016, p. 73), small arms and light weapons are attractive because they are low cost, easy availability, lethal, simple, portable, and have dual usage. Since they are deemed so attractive, they are in high demand as well. Anyone can get their hands on those said weapons through legal sales or illicit. Small arms proliferation is dangerous because knowing that guns can and will be put in the wrong hands, strips people of their sense of wellbeing. There is no way however of cutting down proliferation of small arms or

The article “Explaining the Severity of Civil Wars” by Bethany Lacina looks at why some civil wars are more deadly as compared to others by investigating a new data set that shows the number of combat deaths in civil wars from 1946 to 2002. The article looks at the statistics behind the deaths in the conflicts such as the era, the type of conflict ant the region that the conflict takes place in. The article also uses the strength of the state, the type of regime and cultural characteristics in a test to see if they are predictors for the number of combat deaths in a conflict.

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The matter of how many were killed remains highly contentious; however, it is generally believed that the toll of Nationalist violence was higher. In any event, the proliferation of executions, murders, and assassinations on both sides reflects the great passions that the Civil War unleashed.