Hippocampal Memory: An Internet Based Look Essays

Memory refers to the persistence of learning in a state that can be revealed at a later time (Squire, 1987). A memory is a network of neocortical neurons and the connections that link them. That network is formed by experience as a result of the concurrent activation of neuronal ensembles that

74. Raymond remembers, “When I was a sophomore, I took the hardest physics test of my life, and I was happy with my C.” This memory represents a(n)

“Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, degenerative disorder that attacks the brain's nerve cells, or neurons, resulting in loss of memory, thinking and language skills, and behavioral changes. These neurons, which produce the brain chemical, or neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, break connections with other nerve cells and ultimately die. For example, short-term memory fails when Alzheimer's disease first destroys nerve cells in the hippocampus” (Alzheimer’s Association Foundation.) The destruction of the hippocampus is very serious because the hippocampus is a structure in the brain’s limbic system that plays an important part role in memory (Ettinger 91.) Its is responsible for forming organizing and storing memories.It connects the memories to structures and senses like smell and sound. “The hippocampus is a horseshoe shaped paired structure, with one hippocampus located in the left brain hemisphere and the other in the right hemisphere. The hippocampus acts as a

the hippocampus: involved in imagining new experiences and possible future events as well as spatial context being the critical ingredient the hippocampus provides for imagining new experiences and possible future

The formation of new memories requires protein synthesis dependent changes in synaptic structure and plasticity in the hippocampus. Studies in humans and animals suggest that these memories are initially stored in hippocampus but later transferred to cortex for permanent storage. This phenomenon is described as systems consolidation of memories. While the specific role for new protein synthesis in hippocampus in early encoding of memories is established, whether protein synthesis in medial prefrontal cortex play a major role in encoding of memories is unclear. To address this question, we used contextual fear conditioning (CFC) of mouse, a behavior training that induce long lasting memories. A single training session produces robust lifelong memory (8) that can be measured using automated procedures (9). Several studies have used CFC training as a model to study hippocampal-cortical communications and mechanisms underlying systems consolidation of memories. Contextual fear memories are initially stored in hippocampus and then moved to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) for long-term storage.

What is the hippocampus? The hippocampus is the formation of memories and a part of the cerebrum.Some people say if you damage the hippocampus you develop a disease called Antevograde amnesia which is the unibaily to form new memories.It also said there are regions that regulates the emotions.

The hippocampus is associated mainly with memory, in particualr long-term meomry. When an individual is with others, it is the hippocampus that allows the person to remember past memories of the ones he or she is with. Being phoned by friends to come have pizza with them, activates the limbic system, the hippocampus, and allows for the person to think back and determine if he or she would want to go have pizza with that set of friends. In Alzheimer's disease, the hippocampus is affected and the person is unable to remember certain memories or becomes confused. The hippocampous and Broca's area are not the only portion of the brain that are being stimulated. Along with those, the hypothalamus is working

Hippocampus is a small, curved region, which exists in both hemispheres of the brain and plays a vital role in emotions, learning and acquisition of new information. It also contributes majorly to long term memory, which is permanent information stored in the brain. Although long term memory is the last information that can be forgotten, its impairment has become very common nowadays. The dysfunction is exemplified by many neurological disorders such as amnesia. There are two types of amnesia, anterograde and retrograde. Anterograde amnesia is inability in forming new information, while retrograde refers to the loss of the past memory. As suggested by Cipolotti and Bird (2006), hippocampus’s lesions are

involved in memory storage. The hippocampus is a place in the brain that is used to

The hippocampus has been known to be the storage center for learning and memory in the brain (Wirsching et al., 1984). The mapping theory developed by O’Keefe and Nadel (1978) and O’Keefe and Conway (1980) proposed that there is a relationship between the hippocampus and storing spatial information, which allows animals to map out the surrounding area and locate itself in proportion to its surroundings.

The hippocampal system helps to make associations with the encoded memories which are essential for learning and understanding. In addition to this, the hippocampus is also involved in the retrieval of old memories, which assists with successful recall of memory representations. The anterior part of the hippocampus are responsible for the retrieval of learned information, while the posterior parts are responsible for encoding information into memory. The amygdala and hippocampus depend on each other for their individual functions.

Doctors and scientists dispute the exact role of the hippocampus, but agree that it has an essential role in the formation of new memories about personally experienced events. Some researchers prefer to consider the hippocampus as part of a larger medial temporal lobe memory system responsible for declarative memory. When a long-term, declarative memory is made, certain neuronal connections in the temporal lobe are strengthened, and others are weakened. These changes are fairly permanent, however some may take weeks or months before they are complete

The hippocampus is part of the Limbic System (Wright, n.d.). According to Wright, the hippocampus formation is found in the temporal lobe of the brain. The study of the hippocampus is vital in understanding how it governs human behaviors. As perceived, the brain is a complex machine and through understanding its crucial parts in the processing of information would give a clear understanding and precautions to people on how to protect their brain from memory loss and other similar diseases. In addition, Wright explained that the hippocampus is directly linked to the entorhinal cortex and the fornix. That is to say that the output pathways of hippocampus passed directly to the entorhinal cortex and the fornix before reaching other anterior structures. What is more, not only do outputs coming from hippocampus are passed through the entorhinal cortex, but both parts are also directly connected to one another which includes the amyglada (Wright, n.d). Why is this part of the study? As elaborated by Wright, both entorhinal cortex and amyglada are structures that are connected to several parts of the brain. Thereby, all areas of the brain that are connected to aforesaid structures could be affected by hippocampus.

Without the hippocampus, the information from the short-term memory (STM) cannot be stored in long term memory (LTM). The hippocampus is a very important part of the human brain to store our memories. If we lost it, we will lose all our conscious memories. From Henry’s case, it also discovered that there are multiple memory storage areas located at different parts of the brain while the hippocampus is important to consolidate short-term memory to long-term memory. The removal of hippocampus caused Henry to suffer until he died as he lost the ability to make new conscious