How Distraction Has On Altering Pain Perception Relative With An Individual 's Working Memory Capacity

In 1974 the researchers Baddeley and Hitch argued that the picture of short-term memory (STM) provided by the Multi-Store Model was far too simple. Following the Multi-Store Model, it is believed that STM holds limited amounts of information for short periods of time with relatively little processing, it is believed to be a unitary store. This means that due to its single store it has no subsystems, unlike the Working Memory Model which has many subsystems. This proves that the Working Memory is not a unitary store.

In this article, The Sting Of Intentional Pain by Kurt Gray and Daniel M. Wegner they offer an inside account of how intentional pain actually causes more pain than unintentional pain. These authors prove this through an experiment where forty three people came together, and were met with a study partner called a “confederate”. These individuals were then moved to individual rooms where they would be administered simple psychophysical test but primarily a discomfort assessment.

Comparing a Brief Self-as-Context Exercise to Control-Based and Attention Placebo Protocols for Coping with Induced Pain

According to the Threat Interpretation Model proposed by Todd et al. (2015) recently, the degree of perceived threat of pain has an impact on whether an individual will demonstrate cognitive bias towards the stimuli. The association between perceived threat and cognitive bias is mediated by sustained attention. When threat is in medium level, chronic pain patients have difficult disengaging from pain-related stimuli while healthy individuals can disengage quickly in order to maintain positive mood. However, when the level of threat is either very low or very high, chronic pain patients tend to avoid pain-related stimuli, as proposed by fear-avoidant models (Todd et al., 2015). In the current study, pre-experiment ratings showed that ambiguous images were much less arousing than pain-related images. It is possible that lack of threat in ambiguous images precluded observable interpretation bias in chronic pain patients.

The proper way to ensure that this is not a constant problem is to make sure that initial pain assessments as well as re-assessments are done in a timely manner. It seems as though the initial pain assessment was completed using the pain scale but the re-assessment was not complete and documented in the proper amount of time. In order to ensure proper documentation of the re-assessment once the first pain assessment has been completed and an intervention has properly been administered, the first action step will be to make sure that the reassessment is complete within one hour of pain intervention. With electronic mars it is easy to build in a recheck into the system to alert the nurse that a reassessment is needed once the pain medication has been administered to the patient. When a pain intervention is done, a flag will come up to remind the nurse taking care of the patient that a reassessment is due. This will also resolve the issue on the tracer audit of how does the nurse know the intervention worked. Another issue on the audit was if no pain intervention was done what was the reason for it not being done.

Pain perception can be less than might be expected from the extent of a physical injury. This was proven by a scientist called Susana Bantick, Oxford University, and colleagues who carried out a study on the influence of attention distracting pain processing (Bantick et al, 2002). During the experiment, brain processing was measured by measuring brain activity using fMRI. Participants rated pain from 1-10 when noxious heat stimulus was applied to their hand in the scanner. She then followed the same process but gave them a task which required cognitive processing; reducing the amount of focused attention on pain. Bantick, therefore, showed attention distraction can reduce the amount of pain perceived by the individual, also pain processing to the brain was reduced. This provides vital evidence that pain perception does not just depend on the injury alone.

My Pain My brain, by Melanie Thernstrom, the story of dealing with pain is something I see daily in my work environment, Melanie is expressing a story of the pain that many people face daily. Such pain is chronic in this society with people not having health insurance and the lack of correct diagnosis. Some people will go to the doctor if maybe there are not feeling well having a bad cold or weakness, many of them don’t often go for brain pain, most feel that it will get better, having pain in the brain could be the result of many factor, such as depression, brain turmoil, or many other factor that cause the brain to hurt. Depression is one of those miss diagnose problem that goes un treated for many years. Doctors

Psychological factors are known to contribute to how people experience and cope with pain. However, as people age, they experience normative age-related changes in psychological functioning. Thus, much of what is known about psychology and pain may not necessarily apply to older adults, unless it has specifically been tested in older populations. This is a particularly important point, because pain remains a major problem for millions of older adults. Furthermore, it is expected that the populations of older adults in America will increase significantly in the coming years, as people are living longer now that at any other point in history. Given that psychology changes across the lifespan, and that pain is a problem in older populations, this

Pain is something that connects all of us. From birth to death we can identify with each other the idea and arguably the perception of it. We all know we experience it, but what is more important is how we all perceive it. It is known that there are people out there with a ‘high’ pain tolerance and there are also ones out there with a ‘low’ pain tolerance, but what is different between them? We also know that pain is an objective response to certain stimuli, there are neurons that sense and feel pain and there are nerve impulses that send these “painful” messages to the brain. What we don’t know is where the pain

“Change is pain” refers to the complex connection between the anatomy of individuals’ brains and human behavior that makes change almost impossible. According to Rock and Schwartz (2006), psychology and neuroscience research have gained a new perspective on how different areas of the brain determine human behavior. In particular, when individuals are exposed to situations that include changing a specific behavior, there are two main reasons that make changing the behavior a pain. One of these reasons relates to “the nature of human memory and its relationship to conscious attention” (Rock & Schwartz, 2006, p. 3). As per Rock and Schwartz (2006), routine activities that take place in the working memory area of individuals’ brain require less effort and energy from individuals to perform than new activities which takes place in the basal ganglia of the brain; for example, driving to work versus taking a standardized test (e.g., GRE, CPA,

Start by taking deep breathes. Feel your stomach expanding and contracting as you breathe in and breathe out. As you breathe in imagine you are at home sitting in your couch. You now find yourself pondering about your past. The couch glows and you can see a memory from your past on it. This is a memory where you were bullied or hurt by someone in your childhood. You think of where the image was projected from. You then allow yourself to view the memory as it plays out but also not attach to your emotions.

The purpose of the study is to assess the immediate responsiveness of conditioned pain modulation (CPM; formerly known as diffuse noxious inhibition control or DNIC) as an outcome variable and its association with neck pain and global rating of change (GROC) in neck function among chronic neck pain sufferers between the 1st to 5th years from the onset of condition. Chronic neck pain is largely non-specific in nature and requires a biopsychosocial understanding of risk factors to mitigate their poor outcome. Practice guidelines highlight the importance of classifying these patients, which includes a biopsychosocial perspective for effective intervention (Cote et al 2016). Recent evidence also points to the success of personalized pain management that is anchored on specific neurophysiologic mechanism underpinning the pain experience of each individual (Nir and Yartniksy 2015). There is emerging evidence that simultaneously evaluating this neurophysiologic mechanism, along with biopsychosocial variables identified risk factors related to the development of chronic neck pain at one year (Shahidi et al 2015). There is extensive literature on pain and function outcome variables relating to biopsychosocial factors. In the past few years, there is growing evidence in the neurophysiologic mechanisms literature that includes CPM/DNIC’s validity and reliability in various chronic pain states. There is a call for CPM/DNIC to be used as outcome variable because it signifies the status

Assessing and managing the pain of the patient is critical in delivering quality care services, but what if the presenting individual has cognitive impairment? According to Fry, et. al. (2014), there is also evidence that cognitive impairment is a significant risk factor for analgesic delay. The immediate recognition of pain and the timely intervention is a

The considerable interest in satisfaction related to pain as an outcome variable waned after investigators studied postoperative and cancer patients and found poor correlations between satisfaction and pain intensity. In these studies, patients commonly reported moderate to severe pain (>4 on a 0-10 scale), but indicated they were satisfied with their pain management (Cohen, 1980; Dawson et al., 2002; Jamison, Taft, O 'Hara, & Ferrante, 1993; Miaskowski, Nichols, Brody, & Synold, 1994). These findings are counter intuitive, and authors have speculated about explanations for the inconsistency. Not many authors, however, have considered the validity of the satisfaction item. Most investigators measured satisfaction with pain management, not pain intensity, but the former is a vague concept that could be interpreted many ways. A few investigators measured satisfaction with pain relief or satisfaction with pain level in small samples (Corizzo, Baker, & Henkelmann, 2000) and did not observe the inconsistency that investigators observed when measuring satisfaction with pain management.

Pain control in the older adult is essential to prevent emotional distress. There are several pain controlling medications that are available, but only a portion of them can be used safely in older people. Pain control should be optimized for each individual patient with measures to reduce narcotics overdose, and also minimize adverse events. Chronic pain is a growing epidemic of the elderly and is the most common reason why most elderly patient are seen in the clinic. Many older adults are vulnerable to suffering from arthritis, pressure ulcers, cancer pain, fibromyalgia fracture from a fall, age related joint disease, dental sources and many other types of chronic disease that may be associated with pain. These pains can lead to things like the loss of independence, lack of sleep, anxiety and or a reduced quality of life (Prommer & Ficek, 2012). Estimates vary, but most suggest that between 80 to 90 percent of people over the age of 65 have at least one chronic disease. Pain from a fracture is one of the most common health conditions that may contribute to functional disability. Therefore, it needs to be addressed to reduce the disability. Untreated pain could also cause an unpleasant emotional experience that can be associate with tissue damage.