Question 1:
1. Enzymes: Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)
2. Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase helps separate the alcohol molecule, making it more likely to remove it from the body.
ADH first metabolizes the alcohol to acetaldehyde, an extremely toxic matter, known as carcinogen. Then, acetaldehyde is metabolized to a different by-product called acetate that is broken down into water and carbon dioxide.
Acetaldehyde: a toxic by-product
Acetaldehyde is a by-product that only occurs early in the breakdown process. When acetaldehyde still exists in the body only for a short amount of time before it is broken down into acetate. Acetate is likely to cause significant damage that is most likely evident in the liver.
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Minor amounts of alcohol are metabolized to acetaldehyde in the digestive tract, revealing the tissues to acetaldehyde’s harmful effects.
Question 2:
Short-term effects
In low doses of alcohol are reflexes and reaction time, poor concentration, reduced coordination and tension, sensations and perceptions that are less clear and slower brain activity.
In medium does of alcohol are slurred speech, sleepiness, poor vision, altered emotions, more blood flow to the skin surface, lower body temperature and disruption of sleeping patterns.
In high doses of alcohol are vomiting, passing out, coma, alcohol poisoning and possible death.
Long-term effects
Disrupts the normal brain development
Liver damage and cirrhosis of the liver
Brain cells die, decreasing brain
The pathophysiology of alcoholism begins after alcohol the ingestion of alcohol. It is absorbed and unaltered through the stomach and intestines. Next it is distributed throughout the body through the blood and absorbed by all tissues and fluids (Huether, 2012, p. 72). Furthermore, in the liver the alcohol blood content is metabolized into acetaldehyde by the enzymes process of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS), and catalase (Huether & McCance, 2012). Next, the metabolizing effects the central nervous system (CNS) and exhibits a depressant action. It is first expressed in the subcortical structures of the brain. This has an effect of disorientation of motor skills and intellect. With an increase in blood alcohol concentration, the medullary centers become depressed and as a result affects respiration (Huether & McCance, 2012). In addition, the effects of alcoholism encourage hepatic and gastric changes. The hepatic effect is caused by acetaldehyde, in which, induces inflammation, fatty deposits and enlargement of the liver (Huether & McCance, 2012).
4) The general effects of alcohol on the brain are blurred vision, weakened motor skills, blurred vision, slurred speech, slowed reaction times and impaired memory. In the liver alcohol causes fat deposits to develop in the liver and cause inflammation even eventually liver disease. Similarly, in the pancreas prolonged use can cause inflammation which yields vomiting, fever, weight loss, and is potentially fatal. Lastly, in the kidneys alcohol can increase the risk of high blood pressure developing in chronic kidney disease.
This pattern often encourages people to drink more to keep the buzz going." ( Net Biz Mentor ). When people get like that they usually get a little bolder and want to do normal tasks and routines like driving a motorized vehicle. The effects of alcohol result in poor coordination, slurred speech, double vision, decrease of self-control, lost of consciousness and maybe even death.
The body has no storage capacity for alcohol like it does for carbohydrates and fats. Since alcohol must be detoxified as quickly as possible, its oxidation takes priority over that of other macronutrients. In other words, while the liver is busy metabolizing alcohol, the utilization of fats, carbohydrates, and protein has to be temporarily suppressed. The burning of fat is suppressed the most, because it's at the bottom of the oxidative hierarchy.
"After drinking people usually feel pleasure and become talkative at first. These feelings are usually replaced by drowsiness as the alcohol is eliminated from the body, and the drinker may then become withdrawn. This pattern often encourages people to drink more to keep the buzz going." ( Net Biz Mentor ). When people get like that they usually get a little bolder and want to do normal tasks and routines like driving a motorized vehicle. The effects of alcohol result in poor coordination, slurred speech, double vision, decrease of self-control, lost of consciousness and maybe even death.
When alcohol is consumed into the body we are not all sure what it effects.
Liver disease resulting from alcohol affects more than two million Americans and is one of the primary causes of illness and death. The liver frees the body of harmful substances, such as alcohol. While the liver breaks down alcohol, it produces toxins that can be even more dangerous than the alcohol consumed (“Beyond Hangovers: Understanding Alcohol's Impact Your Health” 13). “These by-products damage liver cells, promote inflammation, and weaken the body’s natural defenses. Eventually, these problems can disrupt the body’s metabolism and impair the function of other organs” (“Beyond Hangovers: Understanding Alcohol's Impact Your Health” 13). A condition called steatosis is the result of fat build up in the liver and is the
There are many consequences that can be caused because of this for example your at a bar drunk with friends and you didn't tell your girlfriend that you were going to go out that night. Your girlfriend asks you where you were and since your drunk you are most likely to say something very stupid that you are not aware, so when your girlfriend confronts you about this you wouldn't have a clue about anything that she is talking about.
The effect of alcohol on
Alcohol slow nerve actitivity. If alcohol is taken in suprem amounts in can cause very bad effects. The physical consequences or effects of alcohol can be reduced anxiety and streess, more confidence, and less inhibitions. If alcohol is taken in even more extreme result it could resultin drowiness and foolish behavior. Depending on how much alcohol you use physcial consequences can be extreme or only mild. The pysical consequenes of alcohol could range from deghydration to even death. Alcohol causes the body to get rid of excess water in the blood. More than enough alcohol can result in dehydration, headaches, pain behind the eyes, nausea, and dizziness. When alchol is consumed in extreme amounts it could result in disorientation,confusion,
Past literature define cirrhosis as a non-reversible end result of liver disease, however recent studies have shown it’s a dynamic process. If K.D stops his alcohol intake, he will reduce the acetaldehyde and acetate in his body which is the main causes of cell and tissue damage. The mechanism of tissue reversal takes place by blocking the formation of excessive acetaldehyde in the mitochondria. In the absence of excessive alcohol in the cells, only the primary alcohol oxidative metabolic pathway takes place. Alcohol is metabolized to acetaldehyde by the cytosolic enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). Due to the ADH’s high affinity and low capacity, saturation occurs very quickly. If the patient consumes excessive alcohol, the body has to start
Alcohol has no beneficial attributes on a person’s health. Alcohol can have several harmful effects on human organs. Some organs in the human body that are damaged by alcohol consumption are the brain, kidneys, and liver. The human liver is the one organ that suffers the most damage. As stated in an article published by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, “Because the liver is the chief organ responsible for metabolizing alcohol, it is especially vulnerable to alcohol – related injury” (NIAAA, 2005). Regular use of alcohol can lead to alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The severity of ALD can vary based on several different factors. Some of these factors include gender, age, the amount consumed, and how often alcohol is used. “ALD includes three conditions: fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis” (Alcohol Alert, 2005).
The physical effects of alcoholism are somewhat gruesome. Excessive in take and prolonged use of alcohol can cause serious disturbances in body chemistry
Many people could tell you what alcohol will do to you. Blurred vision, memory loss, slurred speech, difficulty walking, and slow reaction times are all very common side effects depending on how much one consumes (National
While drinking might make you feel good now, if you abuse that alcohol it may lead to serious complications later. Heavy drinking is defined as consuming four or more drinks in a day for women and five or more drinks in a day for men (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Alcohol is considered a depressant, so it is only seen fit that one of the chief effects of alcohol on the brain is to depress central nervous system functioning. In turn it may be why major depressive disorders occur in those who abuse alcohol. If the alcohol abuse continues over a period it intensifies into an alcohol dependency. Alcohol has effects on the body both mentally and physically. After a certain limit alcohol will slur your speech, increase your reaction time, and make you lose co-ordination. Alcohol consumption, particularly long-term alcohol dependence has many physiological ricks to consider, such as permanent damage to the brain, alcoholic liver disease, pancreatitis, alcohol poisoning