How Does Exercising The Muscular Reflex Improve Balance In Adults

For the purposes of this paper, the focus is on the first stage of motor learning, the cognitive stage. The patient has suffered a recent traumatic SCI influencing his ability to perform any task independently. He must now learn how to perform everyday tasks over again. The overall goal of the cognitive stage is to provide the patient with an understanding of the skill/task at hand and provides a trial and error approach for acquisition of the skills of performing that task. The example of bed mobility skills and the ability to roll left and right may be used to explain this concept. The patient should first be made aware of the task and purpose (to improve his independence with bed mobility), a demonstration of the task should be shown, and the patient should be able to verbalize what is expected during this task. Extrinsic feedback should be provided in the form of tactile and/or verbal cues, i.e. reminding the patient to rock his body to gain momentum to roll towards the left or right side from supine. This task should be performed on a blocked practice schedule initially and then progressed to random practice, where there are a variety of tasks performed in a random sequence. For example, have the patient roll to his left side and then back to supine repeatedly followed by having him roll right, then supine, then right, then supine, then left, then supine and mix up the directions of rolling1. Each task practiced with the patient should start with the cognitive stage and then progress to the associative when he is

As many studies on educational strategies continue to be conducted, many studies focusing on movement in the classroom are becoming relevant to educators everywhere. An article found on edutopia.org, called Move Your Body, Grow Your Mind suggests that, “Incorporating exercise and movement throughout the school day makes students less fidgety and more focused on learning” (Wilson, 2014). This article relates movement in the classroom to “Miracle-Grow” for the brain. There are physiological and developmental factors associated with exercise and the brain. For example, movement creates an increase in oxygen, which has positive impacts on the brain’s ability to learn. Through the

Proprioceptive rehabilitation methods look to return the ankle to its previous risk factor level, and return it to its previous function level. Scott et. al (1997) says that afferent feedback to the brain and spinal pathways is mediated by skin, articular, and muscle mechanoreceptors. Rehabilitation aims to re-establish those spinal pathways so that movements can be performed fully again. Scott et. al (1997) believes that rehabilitation programs should be designed to include a proprioceptive component that addresses the following three levels of motor control: spinal reflexes, cognitive programming, and brainstem activity. A program which is set out in this way is highly recommended to promote and return dynamic joint and functional stability. Another study, conducted by Lephart (1995), examined the role of proprioceptive training in the treatment of injuries, and also looked at recent developments in the area of proprioceptive rehabilitation methods. Lephart (1995) notes that ligaments play a major role in normal joint kinematics, providing mechanical restraint to abnormal joint movement when a stress is placed on the joint. Following injury to these tissues there is a loss of mechanical stability to the joint, resulting in changes to normal kinematics. Management of these sport-related injuries focuses on restoring joint kinematics by enhancing muscular stabilisation through rehabilitation. By restoring joint stability through rehabilitation, the athlete should be able to return to playing sport, while the chance of re-injury will be reduced. Some believe that rehabilitation of ankle injuries should be set and individualised for each athlete as no athlete or injury is the same, and react differently to different exercises. Carl (2002) said that in the acute phase, the focus should be on controlling the inflammation and once pain is gone and

Previous experimentation involving monkeys, cats, and humans shows that the repetition of vestibular stimulations will eventually cause a decrease in gain(the ratio between maximum slow phase eye velocity and head angular velocity) along with the shortening of the TC (time constant of the exponential decrease). The result is called habituation. Ballet dancers, gymnasts, and fighter pilots are amongst other groups who have been studied in attempts to better understand the plasticity of the vestibular system. This topic is of interest with the long-term goal of helping sufferers of motion sickness. This experiment aimed to determine

Importantly, findings demonstrate the potential plasticity of the adult brain beyond the hypothesised critical period for visual development, Tailor et al., (2016), Nancy (2015). Critically, binocular treatments are producing encouraging improvements among adult amblyopes Vedamurthy, Nahum, Bavelier and Levi (2015), Li et al., (2013), posing important implications for clinical practice. The aim of this essay is to explain amblyopia with reference to ‘strabismus and anisometropia’. To discuss traditional methods and newly developed binocular treatments that aim to address the binocular dysfunction of the amblyopic brain.

accurate when detecting passive motion compared to the 11 year old age group (all p

This article talks about ocular morbidity and how it can be related to deaf children. They examined three different places in Nepal. It shows that when children are admitted to deaf schools they are also tested to see if ocular morbidity has also occurred. It was proven to be at least 37% of the kids had some sort of ocular examination before being admitted. These examinations also show that during the 7th week of embryonic stage the oculo-auditory parts are well defined and are able to be damaged. Another part of the article also stated that Pigmentary Retinopathy was also being related to congenital hearing loss in kids, yet Pigmentary Retinopathy is of the eye why congenital hearing loss is of the ear.

In the light of these findings, the primary objective of this review is to examine 5 RCTs, to investigate various interventions that target postural imbalance programs can be applied to a clinical setting.

Vestibular “the balance and movement sense that responds to the pull of gravity, providing information about the heads position in relation to the surface of the earth, and coordinating movements of eyes, head and body that affects equilibrium muscle tone, vision, hearing and emotional security”(Kranowitz, 2005). These children are not risk takers, terrified of everything heights, falling, running, jumping, climbing, scared they are going to fall, avoids everything that is high off the ground. Very clumsy, walks with a lead and motors skills are poor. Almost like having vertigo. Parents need to take or make a checklist on behavior, pattern, symptoms, likes, dislikes, seek help, consult doctor, talk about concerns of the child, and see a specialist. Family activities that will help the

since research on this information could be viewed as “outdated’ since it was published more than 10 years ago in retrospect to the technological advances today. The ability to increase the capacity to develop force rapidly can be a key role in training strategy for reducing total response time in older adults (Gurjão, Gobbi,Carneiro et al., 2012). According to Gurjão and his colleagues, strength training may benefit the training mode for older adults at risk for mobility disability or other strength/muscle related disorders which will lead to enhanced quality of life (Gurjão, Gobbi,Carneiro et al.,

In this study, two classrooms of fourth grade students were tested to see if using yoga stability balls instead of chairs will increase the amount of physical activity and focus throughout the school day. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy explains, “Physical activity data were collected during 10 school days within a 3-wk period (1 week on, 1 week off, 1 week on)”(Erwin, H. E., Fedewa, A., Soyeon, A., & Thornton, M., 2016). By doing this type of scheduled procedure, the students would not be distracted and also will show a better correlation of physical activity and behavior while using the stability ball. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy explains, “Students were engaged in light intensity levels of physical activity while on stability balls”( Erwin, H. E., Fedewa, A., Soyeon, A., & Thornton, M., 2016). To measure this physical activity, researchers used a

In this lab experiment, we try to understand how the body keeps itself in its balance position. In order to keep individual in balance the body is actually constantly moving around or also called postural sway to adjust the centre of mass so it can be within the base of support. The first experiment we learn how somatosensory, visual, and vestibular system affects the maintenance of balance. These three systems receive stimulus in the environment and integrate the information and process it to the central nervous system. It demonstrates how human require all three of these sensory systems for motor controls. Losing any one of the three sensory systems can affect motor control. The aim of the first experiment is to try to understand how postural

Fernández-Ruiz, Hall, Vergara, and Díaz (2000) researched the relationship between visual-motor adaption and aging. There were 40 total participants evenly split into two groups. One group consisted of 10 males and 10 females between the ages 18 and 24 (mean 20), and the other group consisted of 10 males and 10 females between the ages 50 and 78 (mean 64). The older adults all passed a physical examination before participating and they had no history of health variables that could affect the outcome of experiment. The stimuli used were prism goggles with 30 diopter lenses and a clay ball. The experiment was made up of three conditions. During the first condition (PRE condition), the participants threw the clay ball at a target on the wall

The aim of this program is to enhance the elderly wellbeing, by sharpening their senses, built self-esteem, and establishes good social relations. Aadlandsvik, R., (2007). Valentino, E., (2016) research showed that dance movement therapy improved balance, mood, social interaction and the energy level of the elderly with neurological damage. While there is a necessity for such a program, no one life should be at risk and so due diligence will be given to this aspect of the program. Mcdermott, A., Mernitz, H., Mayer, J., (2014) cautioned that in undertaking any exercise program for the older adult this will require medical clearance and regular, scheduled follow up. They advised that adhere to the American College of Sports Medicine's assessment guideline, the medical and trained exercise professionals could determine the

The physical domain for early childhood involves “a slower growth pattern” (Berk, 2012, p. 290) from when the child was an infant. As both genders begin to thin in different regions of the body, the torso “lengthens and widens” as the “spine straightens” (Berk, 2012, p. 290). With “body proportions similar to those of adults” (Berk, 2012, p. 290), they do not bear much resemblance to the little cherub-faced infants they once were. This elongating and shaping of the body ultimately helps with motor coordination because the “posture and balance improve” (Berk, 2012, p. 290). The child observed, gch, was able to engage in different activities due to her abilities in motor function. During the first observation, she hopped across the room