Iloperidone: Antipsychotic Drug Analysis

Risperdal (Risperidone) has been used for a number of different mental health disorders. It has been used for Schizophrenia, Bipolar I disorder, and to help with irritability in children with Autism. There are a number of different things that will be covered in this paper such as the chemical makeup of the medication, the appearance, side effects, off label use, side effects, administration, and how it works, with other additional information.

Risperidone is benzisoxazole derivatives of antipsychotic properties due to its high antagonistic effect on serotonin-5HT2 and dopamine-D2 receptors that magnifies its action in treatment of positive and negative schizophrenia with less extrapyramidal side effects and relapse probability (Rainer, 2008). Chemically it is C23H27FN4O2 (Bladania et al., 2008) (Figure 1). It is a weak base that is practically water insoluble, the solubility is pH dependent, it is highly soluble at acidic pH with significant decrease as pH increases up to pH 6.8 with minimum solubility at pH 8 (Saibi et al., 2012). Its bioavailability is about 70% with high protein binding ability (88%). It is extremely metabolized in liver to the active metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone

Antipsychotic medication, block dopamine and serotonin transmission in the brain. Clozaril, resperdal, zyprera, and seroquel are four newer antipsychotic medications. The symptom is alleviated with older antipsychotic medication. These are divided into groups depending on their potency. If a drug has a low potency, more of it is needed to relieve the symptom. Medium potency is only affective if medium dose is taken. High potency drug can be taken with smaller amount to be effective. Note that the antipsychotic drug, only reduces the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia and usually allow the patient to function more effectively and appropriately. Most patients don’t need the drug. Even though the drug can’t elminate the disease. It can help the patient determine the difference between psychotic episodes from the real world. With continued drug treatment, about forty percent of recovered patient will suffer relapses within two years.

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized with severe, chronic, and potentially disabling thought disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Antipsychotic drugs are the primary use of treatment for schizophrenic disorders (Kane, 1987). Some of the common used psychotropic medications used to treat schizophrenia are: haloperidol, risperidone, aripiprazole, olanzapine, trifluoperazine, perphenazine, quetiapine, thioridazine, chlorpromazine, and clozapine. Antipsychotics like FGAs and SGAs are can be administered orally, in the form of a pill or liquid, or intravenously, by injections. Like with oral forms of antipsychotics, injections offer side effects too. These side effects vary but are very much alike to those of the matching drugs in oral form, though added mild or infrequent injection-related side effects can occur such as: pain, skin thickening, and nodules (Haddad & Fleischhacker, 2011). Antipsychotics administered by injection is one approach to managing nonadherence, although this approach does not work for all patients. Additionally, a proportion of patients who start on injections, later, do not continue with treatment. One study found more than half of patients who began risperidone (Risperdal) injections, stopped after 6 months of treatment (Taylor et al., 2004). With injections, patient nonadherence can be due to the personal characteristics, dosage range, initial startup, administration of the drug, and monitoring. The dosage range for each

Antipsychotics are primarily used to manage the symptoms of psychosis, particularly schizophrenia and bipolar disorder by blocking D2 receptors in the dopamine pathway of the brain. There are two main types of antipsychotics; typical antipsychotics, also known as the first generation antipsychotics (FGA) which were developed in 1950s, example of medicine in this category include Chloropromazine, Haloperidol, Flupenthixol, and Loxapine. Atypical antipsychotics, also referred as second generational antipsychotics (SGA) which acts as an antagonist for 5HT2A receptor aside from its blocking effect on D2 receptor, drugs in this class include Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Risperidone, Clozapine and Aripiprazole.

Because schizophrenia manifests itself as a blend of a thought disorder, a mood disorder, and an anxiety disorder, a mixture of antipsychotic, antidepressant, and antianxiety medication is used to treat it. One main type of antipsychotic medication is traditional, such as chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and fluphenazine. These medications have been present since the 1950 's, and they are most effective for treating positive symptoms because they block the dopamine receptors. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that aids in regulating mood and behavior. Schizophrenia is believed to be caused by an excess of dopamine related activity in the brain. By blocking the receptors, the disorder is controlled.

Medications used to treat symptoms of schizophrenia are often used when the individual is in a state of psychosis. These medications are commonly antipsychotics, but can also include atypical antipsychotics as well. Types of antipsychotics include phenothiazines, chlorpromazines, butyrophenones, and thioxanthenes. Phenothiazines work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, preventing excess stimulation and thus reduced symptoms. All antipsychotic medications do help reduce positive symptoms, but none reduce negative symptoms. However, they also result in many negative motor side effects. Atypical antipsychotics work by influencing serotonin receptors and typically have less motor side effects than antipsychotics. Some of these medications include clozapine, olanzapine, and risperdone.

Antipsychotics: Olanzapine (Zyprexa), Risperidone (Risperdal), Quetiapine (Seroquel), Aripiprazole (Abilify), Ziprasidone (Geodon), Lurasidone (Latuda) and Asenapine (Saphris)

Atypical Antipsychotics are most often used. These second-generation medications are preferred due to the fact that they have a lower risk of serious side effect which can better treat this mental illness. These medications include: Aripiprazole (Abilify), Asenapine (Saphris), Clozapine (Clozaril), Iloperidone (Fanapt), Lurasidone (Latuda), Olanzapine (Zyprexa), Paliperidone (Invega), Quetiapine (Seroquel), Risperidone (Risperdal), and finally Ziprasidone (Geodon). Many of the first-generation antipsychotics have frequent and potentially significant neurological side effect, like Tardive Dyskinesia (a movement disorder) that may not be reversible. However, the medication within this group include, Chlorpromazine, Fluphenazine, Haloperidol

United States: Universal Picture. Lieberman, J., Stroup, T., Mcevoy, J., Swertz, M., et al. (2005) Effective of Antipsychotic Drug in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia. The New Uk Journal of Medicine, 353, 12,

Antipsychotic drugs have proven efficacy in the treatment of acute psychotic episodes as well as in relapse prevention (Janicak et al, 1993). Despite the effectiveness of these drugs, a significant proportion, of about 40% has a poor response to traditional antipsychotic drugs (Klein & Davis, 1969; Kane et al, 1996). Because of the limited effectiveness and wide range of side effects of traditional antipsychotic drugs, newer drugs have been introduced with fewer and less disabling side effects. These newer drugs are also known as atypical antipsychotics and their main advantage has been a lower liability to EPS. Amongst the atypical antipsychotics Clozapine, can produce therapeutic benefits in those people with schizophrenia who had shown poor response to traditional antipsychotic (Kane et al,

Today, medicine is prescribed for many things. From headache to heartache, there is medicine that can cure almost anything. There are 1,453 FDA approve medications, ranging from aspirin, to Xanax. Out of all of the categories of medication, the one prescribed the most frequent are antipsychotics. At any give time, almost 7 million people are taking an antipsychotic. Too many people take these medications without hesitation, the moment it's prescribed. With a shocking amount of harsh side effects, and even deaths, this prescription epidemic needs to be quarantined.

There are no known treatments for schizophrenia, but there are many treatments for the symptoms of the mental disorder. One of the treatments is called antipsychotics. Some examples of antipsychotic are chlorpromazine, haloperidol, perphenazine, fluphenazine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, paliperidone, and lurasidone. Antipsychotics are a type of medication that treats a person that has delusion and hallucinations. This medication is very effective because after taking it for a few days, the patient will not have hallucinations anymore and the delusions will go away in a few weeks. Even though, antipsychotics will cause the hallucinations and delusions go away, there are many side effects. Some of these side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, restlessness, weight gain, constipation, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, low blood pressure, weaker immune system, involuntary (awkward) movements, thirstiness, and rigidity. Long term use of this medication can cause tardive dyskinesia which causes involuntary mouth movements.

Although these agents are particularly effective against psychotic symptoms, side effects remained low. Conversely, researchers question efficacy of first generation of antipsytropic drugs in contrast to second generation drugs in the distinction between side effects. However, managing major drugs treatment prescribing doctors the complexity arises in short term and long-term treatment with positive outcomes and decrease side effects.

The antipsychotic medications are recommended as pharmacological interventions to treat psychotic episode in psychosis and schizophrenia (NICE 2014). They may be classified as atypical and typical antipsychotics (Meltzer 2013). The atypical drugs refer to as the newer generation of antipsychotics which may have less extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) compared to the typical antipsychotics, also known as the first generation of antipsychotics (Meltzer 2013). Both types of antipsychotic drugs are utilised therapeutically to manage positive, negative, and other symptoms of psychosis and schizophrenia.