Amelia M. Lamberty
Monday, May 1, 2017
FS 162: Science That Changed History
Dr. Heroux
Impact of Titanium in Medicine
My family has seen the impact of titanium firsthand. My father had an ankle replacement, my mother had a lumbar implant, and I had a knee replacement; they all have titanium. I like to joke that we are a bionic family. I find it even funnier, and sometimes frustrating, that we beep at the checkpoints in airports. It is pretty interesting that we can all relate in some odd and comical manner. Titanium has proven to be a very useful and impactful mineral in today’s world.
Titanium was discovered in 1791 in the mineral menachanite by the British clergyman William Gregor, who named the new element “menachite”. Four years later,
…show more content…
Titanium is a transition metal with a light, white-silvery-metallic color. It is strong, lustrous, corrosion-resistant. Pure titanium is not soluble in water but is soluble in concentrated acids. This metal forms a passive but protective oxide coating, which leads to corrosion-resistance, when exposed to elevated temperatures in air but at room temperatures it resists tarnishing. Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is primarily found in the minerals rutile (TiO2), ilmenite (FeTiO3) and sphene (CaTiSiO5). Titanium makes up about 0.57% of the Earth's crust. Titanium is a strong, light metal. It is as strong as steel and twice as strong as aluminum, but is 45% lighter than steel and only 60% heavier than aluminum.
The high strength, low weight, outstanding corrosion resistance possessed by titanium and titanium alloys have led to a wide and diversified range of successful applications which demand high levels of reliable performance in surgery and medicine as well as in aerospace, automotive, chemical plant, power generation, oil and gas extraction, sports, and other major
…show more content…
There is no more challenging use in this respect than implants in the human body. Here, the effectiveness and reliability of implants, and medical and surgical instruments and devices is an essential factor in saving lives as well as in the long term relief of suffering and pain. Implantation of other metals represents a potential assault on the chemical, physiological and mechanical structure of the human body. There is nothing comparable to a titanium implant in living tissue. Most metals in body fluids and tissue are found in stable organic complexes. Corrosion of implanted metal by body fluids, results in the release of unwanted metallic ions, with likely interference in the processes of life. Titanium is judged to be completely inert and immune to corrosion by all body fluids and tissue, and is thus wholly bio-compatible.
The natural selection of titanium for implantation is determined by a combination of most favorable characteristics including immunity to corrosion, bio-compatibility, strength, low density and the capacity for joining with bone and other tissue, known as osseointegration. The mechanical and physical properties of titanium alloys combine to provide implants which are highly damage
"Several medical companies are developing new porous coatings for implants that promote and increase bone ingrowth and reduce bone shielding effects by the use of titanium-based foams or scaffolds," he explained. "Today's technology works by plasmaspraying the powder onto the implant.
Many patients choose implants to replace a single tooth, several teeth, or to support a full set of dentures. Implants are posts that are surgically placed in the upper or lower jaw, where they function as a sturdy anchor for replacement teeth. They are made of titanium (a strong, lightweight metal) and other materials that are accepted by the human body. Most patients find that an implant is secure and stable—a good replacement for their own tooth. However, implants are not an option for everyone. Because implants require surgery, patients should be in good health overall. Patients either must have adequate bone to support the implant, or be able to have surgery to build up the area needing the implant. Patients also should be ready to commit to a daily oral care routine and to regular dental visits.
Due to titanium being rather expensive it is rarely used for cycles. It is expensive not only because of the material costs, but also because of the care and time that must be put into the welding process.
Certain substances trick the body into thriving. For example, it was thought that the body rejects all foreign substances. If you get an implant of steel, or other metal, into your body, the body will coat the invasive object in collagen, and the object will slip free. Since the body cannot determine between harmful and beneficial foreign matter, months after implantation, the new appliance would slip free. However, titanium decieves the body into incorporating it naturally into its systems. It triggers no immune response, and bones will begin to grow around it, as if it was always there. Thus, titanium is used for replacement joints, and much more.
The Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) 2014, guidelines points out the need to deal fairly and safely with the risks of infection. As for metal implants, they can interfere with some devices used in some procedures, for instance X-rays and the diathermy.
The rare earth mineral/element yttrium is a soft-silvery, crystalline transition metal, which is naturally found stable in the half-life isotope form of 89Y (1). The element is found on the periodic table in group 3, and period 5, with an atomic number of 39, and can be considered ductile, odorless, lustrous, fairly reactive, and soluble in hot water (1, 2). Not only does this element have a hexagonal crystal structure, it has an atomic mass of 88.906u, has melting point of 1522°C, and a boiling point of 3338 °C(1-3). Yttrium is available in many different compounds, and forms just alone in metal (2, 3). Some of these forms include, but not limited to metal balls, turnings, wire, rocks, ribbon, rings,
Titanium, named after the Greek gods of myth (the Titans), is a common metallic element which can be found all over the world. Titanium can be found in colours such as dark grey, white, particularly shiny or just as a powder. The chemical symbol for Titanium is "Ti" and is the 22nd element in the table and is located in in group four and period four as shown in the diagram below.
Little things like going through security at the airport or getting an MRI are now made more difficult because of the metal in my foot; however, it is not just these seemingly insignificant obstacles that affect my life. The healing process from the surgery has been extensive and strenuous. Even nine months after surgery, I still walk with a limp and have to attend physical therapy twice a week. After getting misdiagnosed with Tendonitis earlier in this journey, I was diagnosed with it again after the procedure. Now, even though the typical healing process has been hindered by tendonitis, I continually work to heal so I can return to doing what I
Thallium is a metal located in family 13 and period 6. Ti represents the atomic symbol for Thallium. It’s atomic number is 81, while it’s atomic mass is 204.38 or just 204. There are 81 protons and electrons and 124 neutrons. 5 energy levels can be found in this element; they consist of 2 in the first, 8 in the second, 18 in the third, 32 in the fourth, and 3 in the fifth. Due to the last energy level having 3 electrons, that would also the the number of valence electrons it has. This element was founded by Sir William Crooke in 1861. In 1862, his Crooke and a French chemist Claude-Auguste Lamy concluded thallium to be metal isolating it.
For piercing final metals area unit unblemished and implantation metal, titanium, niobium, and robust 14k or higher k gold. that you'll in addition think about using jewelry fictional from acrylic, pyrex, plastics and wood.
This is more a question of costs - a titanium dive knife typically costs twice the price of the same dive knife in steel. The reason is that titanium does not rust - steel definitely does! Titanium is also lighter and stronger than steel, although this isn't too important for a dive knife.
To observe the structures of cortical and trabecular bones, the slices were observed with a Leitz Laborlux 11 with a magnification of 25X and were imaged under a magnification of 10X. Biomaterials is used alongside research of human bones. A variety of synthetic bone grafts have been utilized to fill bone defects as well as strengthen, repair and improve damaged bones. The trabecular bone structure was witnessed to that of a traditional trabecular structure with the white sections of the bones, seen in Figure 1, to be the close packed bone cells with the grey sections to be the pores, or lighter bones section, to allow less weight in the trabecular bone structure. The trabecular bone requires maximum strength with minimum mass to sustain high mineral surface area. The mineral surface area of a trabecular bone allows for cellular interaction with bone mineral material at the ends of human bones.
Metal ion levels are an excellent indicator for potential wear failure [35–37]. We converted serum and plasma test results to whole blood ion level values using Smolder’s method [35,38]. We then used whole blood values for all comparisons. Based on previous research, we defined five categories of ion levels for both unilateral and bilateral patients [31,35,38,39]: normal, optimal, acceptable, problematic, and potentially toxic. These reference values are presented in the legend of Table
Titanium appears on the periodic table under the symbol Ti. The transition metal is known for being very strong. When a person thinks of an element that is very strong, they also think that the item would be very heavy. Titanium is different; the element is very strong, but it is also very light weight. Since Titanium is so strong, it is named after the strong Greek mythology Titans (History of Titanium). The element, Titanium, is one of the most abundant elements. The metallic element is found in many alloys; those alloys are found in many items today (The Editors).
Internal fixation devices in the past had been made of stainless steel or titanium, but with problems resulting from those permanent devices, an innovative approach is being considered. Bioresorbable implants are a possible replacement to the original implants that would eliminate the need for removal, which has shown to be a problem for traditional implants.