Impact of Outside Invasion in the Central Andes and Himalayas

The Andes consists of the Andes mountain range and the surrounding areas. Each of these regions experienced booms and lulls in the constantly changing silver economy, while simultaneously changing the dynamic of local societies. Despite the differences in the changes that occurred in each region, all three societies were significantly shaped during the 16th and 17th centuries. These changes were also accompanied by continuities of indigenous culture and government adapted to benefit the Spanish colonial rule. Indigenous ways of life would not dissipate easily, much to the apprehension of the rulers of Spanish America. By analyzing the changes and continuities of each region of Spanish America, while also utilizing the effects of ethnic identities, it becomes apparent the drastic changes that the global silver economy had on the societies and culture of not only indigenous people but also Spanish colonist and their black

Drastic changes occur in the flora due to weather and subsequently lead to the disappearance of many animal species and with these changes, the people adapted. For thousands of years the plains would evolve, change and create a, “history of movement and adjustment, crisis and resolution” .

Nature is an amazing friend that usually leads people on the path of survival. Think of the Eskimo, how did they survive in such harsh, cold conditions? The environment provided ice in abundance for making igloos, seals found naturally in that area provided many different commodities to the Eskimo. What about the Incan culture that claimed the Andes Mountains as their home? The Incan Empire found itself 12,000 feet above sea level. They adapted to their surroundings and flourished in that high altitude. They had the natural resources to sustain in their environment. The Incan people used llamas and alpacas for fur and milk. They also built terraces on the sides of mountains to produce vegetation. Necessity really is the mother of invention!

Although it has been assumed for a long period of time that early Paleolithic people have a very uninteresting and uniform history, studies have shown that many cultures of the time have demonstrated many different ways of expressing beliefs, relationships with others, and ways of getting food by hunting and gathering.

Agriculture is arguably the main focus of discussion when considering the geographical cause of low economic development. The different climate and soil conditions in tropical ecological zones (Gallup et al., 2003, p.32), mean there is less

The methods of both hunting and gathering of the Cahuilla Indians are spectacular since most people consider a desert region to be inhospitable. Yet the Cahuilla had an abundance of food by implementing different methods to acquire food. Using both hunting and gathering techniques they were able to successfully plan their life’s out in order to live. They had great organizational and planning skills which were the major reason they were able to live in such a desolate place. Their

Virtually every aspect of life was affected by the Andes Mountain Range. The steep slopes, climate and altitude, forced the development of resilient breeds of crops such as potatoes, quinoa and corn. (Graber, 2011). The mountains were worshipped as gods and stone from the mountains were carved with great precision to create large cites and temples right into the sides of the mountains. For all of the reasons, The Andes Mountains are certainly one of the greatest contributors to the development of the ancient people of South American.

The most significant physical geographical factor that contributed to the development of the ancient South American society of the Incas was the Andes Mountains. The Inca Empire had villages and cities throughout the Andes Mountains. Some of these settlements were as low as sea level and their capital, Cusco, was at an altitude of 11,200 feet. The Andes are considered some of the longest and highest mountain ranges. In fact it’s tallest peak, Mount Aconcaqua, in Argentina, tops out at 22,841 feet (Zimmermann, 2013). Despite the fact that people were traversing mountains the people flourished creating trails, aqueducts and agricultural practices that still exist today.

Thesis/Introduction- Have you ever wondered what our lives would be like if we had to get our resources from the environment around us? There would be no fast food, no stores. We would have to hunt for our own food. This is how the Plateau and Coastal tribes lived. The Chinook and Nez Perce tribes interacted with the environment differently and similarly to provide food, shelter, and clothing for their people.

Thesis ; The Chinook and Nez perce provide food, clothes , and shelter to their people they have different and similar strategies to collect food, clothes and, shelter .

In our experiment of field ecology at A-mountain, the purpose were to understand the specific factors that affect the distribution and abundance of plant species at north facing slope and south facing slope. The availability of plants in certain area depends on temperature, availability of water, sunlight and nutrients. A-mountain which is in Arizona has different desert plant that includes; grass, brittlebush, bursage, creosote bush, mesquite, palo verde, fishhook barrel, hedgehog, pincushion, teddy bear cholla, staghorn cholla, chain fruit cholla, prickly pear and others.. and some are specifically found on either north or south side of the mountain. The fact that the south slope receive more direct sunlight than the north facing slope, soil moisture will evaporate faster in south side of the mountain than in the north side thus the availability of different drought resisting plant whereas in north side where there is a slower evaporation due to lack of direct sunlight hence few drought resistant plants compared to south side (Wyant, unpublished data). We predicted that to the south side of the mountain there be will more diversity, evenness and drought tolerant plants species than the north side.

Four out of eight country areas in that district had fertile soil. In the other four regions, just 10 percent of the area was operational for developing nourishing crops. Each of the eight regions was heavily populated. Around 1780 to 1850, the population had expanded from 16 to 28 million individuals (Library and Archives Canada, 2009). In the meantime, no new approaches had been found to advance congregates in the area; eventually the environment could not sustain everyone. The public development prompted an area deficiency; which resulted in higher rent for farmland. Individuals without fields to develop had some impediments nourishing themselves.

I would like to address topic A, regarding the placement of subsistence strategies into four discrete categories: hunting and gathering (foraging), horticulture, pastoralism, and agriculture. While this quick categorization of human subsistence behavior has benefits to introduce these concepts, it falsely assumes that each behavior exists independently and ignores their location on a continuum, often blending from one strategy into the next. In this essay I will introduce each subsistence strategy, show examples of it and finally show ways that even among groups of people who would seem to fit the archetype of each behavior they often adopt strategies of others in a sort of mixing and matching process, especially in times of duress.

Barth examines three groups in their relationships with the natural habitat and with one another in terms of using the concept of a niche, meaning “the place of a group in the total environment, its relations to resources and competitors” (Barth, 1079). The three groups Barth examins are the Pathans who are the sedentary agriculturalists; Kohostanis who practice agriculture and transhumant herding; and lastly the Gujars who are nomadic herders. The Gujars are under a single political leader that organizes groups by lineages and clans. The Pathans are seemed as the most powerful ones. All groups had different political systems that worked with one another.

In this unit’s text, we learned about modernization of society and how agriculture permitted nomadic hunt-and-gather groups to become stabilized and centralized in one location. The text and supporting video clips introduced both positive and negative anthropological effects of the rise of agriculture. Three positive outcomes include stabilization, improved nutrition, and food surplus. For each of these positive instances, there is an alternate and negative impact as well: habitat destruction, feast and famine cycles, and health concerns. This essay will briefly expound on each positive outcome and its counterpart, and will relate the sustainable agrarian achievements of the people of the Gamo Highlands to these effects.