In Vitro Fertilization: Annotated Bibliography

Only twenty years ago, embryo freezing (cryopreservation) was considered a technique that raised “disturbing,” “extremely difficult,” “incredibly complex,” and even “nightmarish” ethical issues. Currently, however, at least 41 of the 169 infertility clinics in the United States have begun to implement in vitro fertilization protocols (IVF) (Freemann et al., 1986). The number of frozen embryos in this country nearly tripled, from 289 to 824, between 1985 and 1986 (Van Steirteghem and Van Den Abbel, 1988). An estimated ten infants in the U.S. and sixty in the world were born as of 1988 after having been frozen as embryos. The government and professional advisory groups have endorsed embryo

In vitro fertilization and human embryonic stem cell research are two of the most popular and controversial topics that are being discussed today. Lee Silver, from the film defines in vitro fertilization as:

The author of this paper has selected a health care colleague Mrs. T.R, to interview on the ethical beliefs, philosophy and worldview about the in-vitro fertilization, embryo harvesting and posthumous conception. Mrs. T.R, was born and brought up in an Indian Hindu family and immigrated to USA in 2000. She is working as a Registered Nurse in Illinois. She has conceived a child using In Vitro Fertilization, because she was diagnosed with Breast Cancer at the age of 27. The interview responses of Mrs. T.R, to the questions regarding Embryo Harvesting and Freezing, and rights of children born to posthumous conception in the light of Supreme Court ruling on the Karen Capato Case, are summarized in this paper.

In this case study a couple by the name of Michelle and Brian Clifford decided to conceive a child after a few years of the marriage. After five years of trying with no results they consulted a fertility expert and it was found that Michelle was unable to have children naturally so they decided to try IVF treatments. Michelle’s eggs were harvested and introduced to Brain’s sperm in the laboratory. After a few days four embryos were implanted into Michelle and the other seven were placed in a freezer for further use. The first IVF procedure was unsuccessful and during the following years of the IVF treatments Michelle’s and Brian were having marital issues. They filed for divorce and Brian wanted to donate the embryos for research and Michelle

Have questions about in vitro fertilization? Come to IVF 101 at our DFW fertility center to get answers.

The first child to ever be from using test tube techniques happened in the late 1970’s. Although many have applauded this new type of technology, there is an ethical issue on whether or not embryos should be created in test-tube knowing that fact that many are not implanted and have human development. “Octo-Mom” is a classic case that may have changed many people’s perception when it comes to in-vitro fertilization. Many felt that it was ethically wrong for her doctor to conduct that type of procedure to a woman who will not have the ability to provide adequate care for the well-being of her children who may have health issues.

The author presents examples, where couples had to go through devastating loses, as their unborn children was either diagnosed with life shortening diseases, or died prematurely. Examples of miscarriages and severely premature births are also the reality for many of the couples reproducing the natural way. However, the IVF-Treatment allows couples to sort out ‘bad’ embryos from the good ones, allowing science to deliver a nearly guaranteed healthy baby – of the preferred sex – to the couple. With this in mind, people with money is able to sidestep the natural risks associated

ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs) can be very helpful for certain patients, but ethical concerns have been raised about the inherent nature of specific techniques and the contexts in which many techniques are used. Physicians play important roles in supporting those who wish to become parents and in educating patients about impediments to fertilization and ways to promote conception. We discuss various ethical issues surrounding ARTs, including family relationships, informed choice, gender issues, embryo status and the commercialization of reproduction, as well as legal and policy issues. We examine the empirical evidence of the effectiveness of ARTs and suggest ways to

With this reproductive technology, the possibilities for conflict with Jewish law expand. There are three main scenarios in which IVF is used. The first is IVF using sperm and egg provided by the couple with the implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterus of a surrogate. The second scenario is the use of the wife’s egg and donated sperm, with the placement of the fertilized egg in either the uterus of a surrogate of the uterus of the wife. Finally, there is IVF using the husband’s sperm and a donated egg with placement of the fertilized egg in the uterus of the wife, the uterus of the donor, or the uterus of a third-party surrogate. The form that is the most common is in vitro fertilization using egg and sperm belonging to the couple. In general, in vitro fertilization with no donor gametes poses conflicts like those with

IVF would be permissible in this situation because it increases the quality of life by maximizing the benefits and minimize harm. Even though the Congregation Doctrine of Faith would believe that in vitro fertilization is immoral because it is unnatural, Peter Singer, a utilitarian argue that in vitro fertilization is more beneficial in this situation, and it should be performed. The benefits outweigh the harm because it’s inexpensive, it perseveres

The process of IVF involves mixing the woman’s egg and the man’s sperm outside of the woman’s body, usually in a petri dish. Invitro fertilisation literally means ‘fertilisation in glassware’. If the fertilisation is successful, the formed embryo is transferred to

The first child born through in vitro fertilization was born in 1978. Despite the amount of time that has passed from then to now, in vitro is still very much experimental. Although there has been improvement in the probability that the patient will bear a child since the end of 1980 where in a study only 5.4% of cases were successful (Bernholz, 1984), going through the process of in vitro fertilization still does not guarantee a child. In the beginning stages where in vitro fertilization was fairly new, there was some push back, especially morally. Many thought that it was wrong for scientists to “play God” and create life. As with anything else, the times have changes and so have many people’s opinions. Although nearly impossible for all people to agree on one topic, the use of in vitro fertilization has become more widely accepted for patients who deal with infertility issues.

In vitro fertilization is a type of assisted reproductive technology in which a woman’s egg is fertilized by a man’s sperm outside of the female body in a petri dish. The embryo is later then transferred back into the uterus after fertilization and some early development has taken place. Most of the people that claim to be against in vitro fertilization, also called assisted reproductive technology, and the idea of funding it here in the United States will give reasons to oppose it such as it is immoral, it is unsafe, or that it is ineffective. Upon inspection, in vitro fertilization appears to be much like any other new idea or concept in the sense that it will most likely be rejected and shunned at first, similarly to gay marriage or sperm donation. Properly educating those who see in vitro fertilization as a negative, pointless, or even a dangerous practice about the positive evidence now being found might help speed up the acceptance process.

Modern Technologies have given rise to preserving family’s lives and heritage all over the globe. One such technology is posthumous conception which involves harvesting and freezing or genetic manipulations like In-Vitro fertilization, Artificial Insemination, and Cryopreservation of gametes (eggs and sperm) and embryos. Numerous families have benefited from posthumous conceptions, but not without raising ethical questions and concerns (Soules, 1999). Posthumous reproduction is an issue that triggers legal, religious, and ethical debates (Knapp et al, 2011). The following will explore some of the ethical issues and implication surrounding embryo harvesting and genetic manipulations and the impact it has on stakeholders such as nurses, and the role the laws plays as well as the effects on the family dynamics and their future while describing ethical theories and/or principles and will summarize the social values, morals, norms, nursing practice that applies to the topic.

In order to express how new this treatment truly is here is a little history on in-vitro fertilization. The first successful in-vitro fertilized baby was born at Oldham General Hospital in 1978. That was only thirty eight years ago today. Louis Brown, the first, “IVF baby” was born to Lesley and John Brown on July 25, 1978. Louis Brown grew up as a normal child and has now grown to be a healthy 38 year old woman living a perfectly normal life. This just signifies the fact that although in-vitro fertilization is a fairly new discovery it in fact has been successful and safe. Hence the fact that the first in-vitro fertilized baby is still alive and healthy today, growing a happy and healthy family of her own.