Increasing demands on the healthcare system has led to the development of the role of the Non-Medical Independent Prescriber, with the four-fold aim to improve patient care without compromising patient safety, make it easier for patients to access medicines, make better use of the skills of healthcare professionals and contribute to a greater multi-disciplinary team structures across the NHS (D of H, 2006). Independent prescribers have been defined as “practitioners responsible and accountable for the assessment of patients with previously undiagnosed or diagnosed conditions and for decisions about the clinical management required, including prescribing.” (BNF 2015) In the UK, by 2011, approximately 21,000 nurses, pharmacists and other allied …show more content…
The study showed that the benefits of glucose reduction did not accrue for several years, and despite achieving statistical significance, the absolute risk reduction from intensive glycaemic control was small, with a reduction of 5 events over 10 years, and a small differential HbA1c between the conventional and intensive groups. Furthermore, due to the progressive nature of the disease, increasing combinations of oral and insulin drug therapy were introduced over to time to maintain the tight glycaemic control, therefore providing greater variability and a limited scope of comparison for statistical data on the efficacy of individual agents used amongst the patient cohorts.(King, Peacock, and Donnelly, 1999). This has raised further questions for clinicians in assessing how worthwhile are the benefits achieved with tighter glycaemic control, and how can targets be achieved in routine practice? It is not always clinically acceptable to maintain intensive glycaemic control, for example with the frail and elderly, or those with existing severe co-morbidities or complications. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial follow up study reported that patients who achieved an average HbA1c value of 53mmol/mol had better outcomes after 20 years of follow-up than the control group (who had an average HbA1c of 75 mmol/mol), irrespective of …show more content…
(NICE 2015). A Cochrane review article assessed 25 studies, encompassing almost 12,864 patients of published randomized controlled trials of various lengths from 12 to 52 weeks. The review highlighted that individual study sizes and lengths of study were different, renal and hepatic function patient inclusion criteria between studies was different, and therefore it was not possible to directly compare the efficacy of individual agents within this drug class. (Richter et al., 2008) It must also be noted that some of these trials were funded by pharmaceutical companies, and therefore may be prone to bias. Inzucchi SE et Al, 2015 compiled an independent comparative report using twelve peer reviewed published studies of randomized double blind trials, that indicates as an add-on to metformin therapy, the individual drugs within the class, showed between 0.5% to 0.83% reduction in HbA1c versus placebo, with Saxagliptin Linagliptin and Sitagliptin showing the greatest equal efficacy (Inzucchi SE et Al, 2015). However, episodes of hypoglycaemia were reported in significantly lower numbers of patients on Sitagliptin (1.3%) compared to Saxagliptin (5.2%), hence Sitagliptin was the prescribing choice for patient XY. It is important to bear in mind that the cost of both drugs is similar (BNF 2015), and with imminent loss of patent with
When making the decision to prescribe there are a number of influence you have to consider. It is important to have an awareness of these influences and take them into consideration when issuing a prescription. It is importance to have knowledge of the DOH (2006) Medicines Matters this give guidance on the mechanisms available for prescribing and administration and supply of products. Team trends and external company’s and there representatives promoting their products have a big influence on your prescribing practice Bradley (2006) found that these influences were of concern to some nurses feeling that their colleague may ask them to prescribe for patients they haven’t seen. Thomas (2008)
Diabetes can be treated in three basic ways: by diet, by diet in conjunction with tablets, or diet in conjunction with insulin. Diet serves as an initial control for non-urgent patients. If a person’s diet will have a major effect on glycaemic control, it does so reasonably quickly, within a few weeks of changing
For nurses extending their role to include prescribing there is much to consider. Revelay (1999) states that, accountability involves an individual giving an account of their actions with the rationale and explanation given for these actions. The decisions regarding boundaries of practice are firmly placed in the hands of the individual practitioner (Carlisle 1992). Accountability means being able to justify any actions and accepting responsibility for them, and is an integral part of nursing practice (Rowe 2000) The NMC Code of Professional Conduct (2004) states that a nurse is personally accountable for her practice, has a duty of care to patients and must work within the laws of the country.
“Non-medical prescribing is prescribing which is taken by a health professional who is not a doctor” (Non-medical prescribing 2012).To become a non-medical prescriber the relevant training must be undertaken to ensure the patients’ safety is most important. The health care professional who is the non-medical prescribers is only legally allowed to prescribe within their area of expertise and they must remain competent within that area, through maintenance of various continuing education and training programmes.
The American Diabetes Association (2004) defines diabetes as a subset of metabolic diseases associated with hyperglycemia secondary to insulin failing to release, act, or both. Complications related to chronic diabetes can be detrimental to one’s health including but not limited to: heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, amputations, blindness, and other optical diseases. Furthermore, the prevalence of diabetes is rising at an astronomical rate within the United States as well as internationally. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2016) an estimated 29 million people suffer with diabetes and 86 million are prediabetic within the United States (US). Without major interventions from the healthcare community,
The study had an overall total of 1150 participants. Although there were many participants to begin with, they did not provide all of the feedback the researchers had requested. This resulted in the expulsion of their participation, so their results were not included in the final reports of the study. The number of patients that did provide the essential information added up to a total of 901. The profile for a participant was a patients diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes in the last 6 months, but has been diagnosed no more than 10 years ago. They had to be between 35-70 years of age. Their BMI had to be more or less than 24 kg/m2 and have an HbA1c more or less than 6.5%. They also had to have treatment with a diet or oral glucose lowering medication. Those needing insulin shots, had been diagnosed with chronic diseases, or had a change in diet or lifestyle 3 months prior to the study were not included in the overall
Everybody knows that obesity is a big factor in developing type-2 diabetes, and that part of coping with this metabolic disorder is lifestyle change. If blood glucose does not go down, then medicines are introduced. Some type-2 diabetics even have to administer insulin in order to keep their blood glucose levels
In the UK, nurse prescribing was born out of the need to increase efficiency in the NHS by making best use of its resources. Nurse-led services are one means of improving healthcare provision and a string of legislative change has gradually broadened the scope of nurse prescribing in the UK. (Courtenay et al 2007).
The purpose of this study is to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia among the elderly. As people with diabetis age, the physiological changes affect the diabetic. The purpose of this study is to consider whether HbA1 goals can be attained without undue treatment burden and decrease the risk of severe hypoglycemia. Though client teaching and minimizing the risk factors of hypoglycemia can prevent further exacerbation of catastrophic events that could have potential lethal outcomes to an older patient with diabetes. The one patient’s case, Mr. J., an 86 year old man who has had type 2 diabetes for 15 years is a quantitative study that focuses on prevention of hypoglycemia in older adults. Interventions include diet, meal planning, medication, glucose
Medication should only be prescribed after careful consideration of the patient's best interests. The prescriber should have access to the most up to date version of the British National Formulary (BNF). Dispensing must also be appropriately trained, follow safe systems of work and understand the side effects of various drugs; be able to access appropriate information and understand when to access advice or further information (the dispenser may not necessarily be a trained pharmacist but should be working alongside one). By supporting medication
Nurse prescribing in the UK is well established with over 54,000 nurses and 19,000 independent nurses.
It must be emphasized that lifestyle modifications should be the initial step in achieving adequate blood glucose control and that medication should only be discussed when lifestyle modifications has failed.
There is growing concern that intense glucose lowering or the use of certain agents may be associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
There have a lot of precautions before to take sitagliptin. Since sitagliptin was only treat type 2 diabetes, which is relative by lack of insulin. Type 1 diabetes is incapable of producing insulin in patient’s body. And Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis have extremely high blood sugar that requires emergency medical attention. Therefore, patients with type 1 diabetes or with diabetic ketoacidosis should not be used sitagliptin. Also, this drug is not very suitable used to patient with chronic kidneys disease in stage 3 to 5 that because of sitagliptin would be through of kidney to excrete. So this type of patient need to decrease the dosage intake.
To examine the efficacy and safety of insulin and other pharmacological interventions for lowering glucose-lowering levels in patients with diabetics and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).