Informal Contexts

All services are aimed at young people and are based around each individual needs. Children’s wishes should be considered during decision making to give them a sense of belonging and not to be made to feel as though its them who’s to blame

The phrase “Hate Crime” rose to prominence in the 1980s, in an attempt to describe crimes against someone based on their race or religion. These crimes were motivated, at least in part and sometimes in entirety, by bias against African Americans and Jews. Since that time, the term has expanded to include illegal acts against a person, organization, and their property based on the criminal’s bias against the victim’s minority class. These minority classes include race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, disability, or gender reassignment. These are specific crimes because not only are they crimes against someone, they are committed based on who someone is (Martin 1996). This paper will discuss the history of hate crimes and the response of law enforcement officers to hate crimes.

Throughout history, crimes have been committed worldwide. Murder, assault, and other crimes have been dealt with some kind of punishment, but one crime stays unnoticed and not cared about. Hate crimes, a major conflict in communities, have been showing up without anyone noticing. People sometimes commit them unaware of the consequences due to the lack of understanding what a hate crime really is. A hate crime is a motive to hurt or insult a certain group of people. It is more harsh and dangerous than most crimes because it not only affects the victim, but the whole group of that victim’s characteristic. With the underestimation of hate crimes, murder, assault, and other crimes will increase highly.

The article I decided to analyze was written by PhD candidate Jo Morgan, titled “US hate crime legislation: a legal model to avoid in Australia.” It is plainly stated in the abstract section of this paper, that the Author, examines the the barriers to achieving hate crime victim status. This is a much more complex issue than the typical white on black hate crime. The intent of Jo is to showcase that there are groups of people who are the direct victims of hate crime, but that the American judicial system (that he feels Australia is likely to emulate) doesn't adequately protect people. Throughout his paper, especially in the first half,

3). These findings stated that 92 percent were offences that the police found to be motivated by hate, and eight percent of the offences fell into the specific categories in the criminal code (p. 4) This report showed that the top three categories for motivation for the hate crimes, in order, were: race/ethnicity, religion, and sexual orientation (p. 5). In terms of race, black individuals were the most common victims of hates crime (p. 14). The religion that faced the highest amount of hate crime against them was Judaism. Lastly, for sexual orientation the most common victims were 25 years of age and below and males. Along with these facts, this report also established that for race and religion the highest number of offenders were in the age category of “under 18”. The highest number of offenders for the sexual orientation category were from 45 to 54 years old (p. 13).

Within this review article, it identifies the barriers of disability hate crime, in regards to identification, investigation and prosecution. The main focus of this journal article is how there is a lack of clarity in the existing policies of what constitute a disability hate crime and a lack of agencies action. Furthermore, social attitudes continue to be an existing barrier in relation to disabled people. Brereton argues that, agencies and policies need to improve their practices and responses when dealing with disabled victims of hate crime. This article was important in demonstrating the failures of the current policies and agencies involved with disabled victims of hate crimes. This information has helped me to understand the issues within

A hate crime is an illegal act that is specifically done to a type of group and for this instance, race and gender. The top two races that had the highest rate of victims were between blacks and white. The black race defeated every other race in victims by over 1,000 and having a total of 2,022 victims. Of anti-black or African American bias, 62.7 percent were victims of crimes motivated by their offenders. Second was the white race with a total of 734 casualties from hate crime. It is to no surprise that these two parties have the highest number of victims, because they are the ones who are most populated and have the most minorities within them.

There are four types of hate crime offenders according to McDevitt and colleagues: thrill seeking, defensive, retaliatory, and mission. Thrill-seeking hate crime offenders are inspired by excitement and make up most of the cases in the study, representing 66% of the cases (Burgess, Regehr, & Roberts, 2013, p. 494). These offenders are typically subjugated by teenagers, who generally conduct their crimes when they are looking for fun and have spent time together drinking (Burgess, Regehr, & Roberts, 2013, p. 494). Thrill-seeking hate crime offenders tend to attack minority communities and normally use their hands or feet to go through with the attack (Burgess, Regehr, & Roberts, 2013, p. 494). Next, defensive hate crimes represent 25 % of hate crimes committed and are led by individuals who only see the world as being one way, nonetheless wanting to defend their neighborhood from anyone who would be considered an outsider (Burgess, Regehr, & Roberts, 2013, p.

The offender is often motivated by a bias and their criminal act sends a clear message of hate and violence towards a particular person or group or people. The offender’s motive can be extremely threatening to people who are far removed from the actual scene of the crime. Victims of hate crimes that are chosen based on their race, sexual orientation, or religion can cause all those in the community who share those characteristics and beliefs to experience the same vulnerability as the victim. The community is then overcome by fear and uncertainty. These effects can be as devastating as the crime itself.

. A hate crime is when a person intentionally selects a victim because of the race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender or sexual orientation. A person who commits a hate crime can come from any background and be any race. The term hate crime is meant to differentiate criminal behavior that is caused by prejudice from behavior that is motivated by greed jealously, anger, politics and like. Hate groups differ from one another in terms of membership, ideology and activities but do share one thing in common; they direct violence towards and against groups of people they do not understand. Most people committing hate crimes feel they are just doing Gods work of letting the victim know

Hate crimes are violations against the law that are motivated by a type of prejudice. 80% of these crimes include violence and are taken very seriously. In fact, they are the highest priority of the FBI’s Civil Rights program. They are essentially dangerous to the community because they encourage hatred and can even be classified as a form of terrorism. Since hate crimes have been on a rise since the mid 1900’s, law enforcement agencies have been forced to take action. As a result of the Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009, the FBI was able to investigate any biased crimes based upon race, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, or gender.

Whilst hate crime has been represented in the media and legislation for many years, particularly in the US, definitions of the term have been transient and changing. The Home Office issued a report in 2013 which demonstrated to both the public and law enforcement officials the most recent formal definition of ‘hate crime’ in the United Kingdom: “any criminal offence which is perceived, by the victim or any other person, to be motivated by a hostility or prejudice towards someone based on a personal characteristic” (Home Office, 2013). Reviewing statistics on hate crime in the United Kingdom, it becomes clear that there are two main official sources for data; the Crime Survey for England and Wales, and crime recorded by the police. Based on combined data from the CSEW 2011/12 and 2012/13, there was an estimated 278,000 hate crimes taken place on average each year (Home Office, 2013). However, when compared with the data shown by police recorded crime, there are huge disparities. Between 2012/13, only 42,236 incidents of hate crime were recorded by police, which accounts for approximately 1% of all recorded crime (Home Office, 2013).

The article “Racist hate crime and the mortified self: An ethnographic study of the impact of victimization” is Based on observational and interview data gathered over two and a half years and located at an agency run by victims of racist hate crime for such victims in England,. This article mainly focuses on the criminological examination of the social situation of victims of racist hate crime, specifically focusing on the consequences of victimization.

Hate crimes are a geographical problem and humans right challenge where varies of theories and officials address to change individual formulating methods of improvement on violators. The label of hate crime existed for centuries of inappropriate human behavior violating humanity such as violent acts historically and internationally. Across the global varies of countries view hate crimes on a balance of series of bias hurt either physically or verbally some don’t even acknowledge hate crime verbally and legislation process prosecuting violators tend to be practiced differently. In this paper the scope of how governments in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Europe, and Antisemitism define their methods amongst hate crime tracking, legislation, attacks, and protected groups.

Most of the problems facing today’s youth are not restricted to any one ethnic or religious group, but affect young people generally. Most discussions on youth have focussed on issues such as drug abuse, crime, violence, sexuality and poverty. In addition to these, today’s youth are afflicted by new challenges.