Information Theory & Optimization for Location of Sensors in Water Distribution for Contaminant Detection

My name is Vynateya Purimetla, and I am an eighth grader currently attending East Hills Middle School, in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Presently, we are in a hydrogeology unit and we have been researching global water crises around the world and the effects they have on people who inhabit those regions. I am writing this letter to address the issues of inadequate sanitation, untreated sewage in groundwater, and holy rivers being polluted due to a host of reasons. These problems are occurring in both rural and urban areas, and are affecting more than 80% of the Indian population who depend on water polluted with untreated sewage, nitrate, and agricultural runoff for basic survival needs, (The Huffington Post). As the leader of the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation, I hope that some of the solutions outlined in this letter could be helpful to you in solving India’s water crisis.

The high level requirements for the network are to: measure and record sensor data and process data to actuate the environment. Given these requirements, this section will discuss how these requirements were met as well as provide some system metrics.

In our society we are encountering environmental issue with water pollution. The world development of modern agriculture and industry, water pollution has been a major problem.

Clean water and sanitation is the goal 6 of Sustainable Develop Goal, which is not only aimed to provide the clean water and sanitation for everyone, it is also for have high quality and sustainability of water resources. This goal targets to achieve the equitable and affordable of safe water for all by 2030, and also to complete the sanitation, provide better condition and end the open defecation, particularly pay attention to the needs of women and girls for better health. The goal 6 also includes to reduces the chemical polluted of the water, increasing recycling and safe using of water, ‘protect and restore the ecosystems, and increase using safely managed sanitation services’. Mostly, people thought they can take access to clean, safety

A Wireless Sensor Network is one kind of wireless network includes a large number of circulating, self-directed, minute, low powered devices named sensor nodes called motes. These networks certainly cover a huge number of spatially distributed, little, battery-operated, embedded devices that are networked to caringly collect, process, and transfer data to the operators, and it has controlled the capabilities of computing & processing. Nodes are the tiny computers, which work jointly to form the networks. The sensor node is a multi-functional, energy efficient wireless device. The applications of motes in industrial are widespread. A collection of sensor nodes collects the data from the surroundings to achieve specific

There is greater awareness of the issues and hazards of the dumping of chemical waste and there are laws restricting the dumping of this waste. Since many individuals rely on groundwater for drinking water, many of them are drinking contaminated water. Due to this, there are many health risks including, hepatitis, poisoning and cancer when exposed to polluted water. As well, the wildlife can be harmed from the contaminated ground water.

The sanitation of the country’s drinking water had worsened, after the massive 7.0 earthquake in January 12th 2010. The earthquake had a destructive effect on the entire country, including the present clean water supply.

In third-world countries, water and sanitation facilities are often scarce or unreliable. Contaminated water and poor sanitation are linked to transmission of diseases such as chorea, dirrhoea, hepatitis, typhoid and polio. Each day 2000 children die from diarrhoea caused by contaminated water an inadequate sanitation and hygiene and overall around 842000 people are estimated to die each year. These diseases have the insidious effect of reducing people’s ability to access education and earn income – 272 million school days are lost each year to water-related diseases.

Drinking and having clean water is an everyday thing for citizens in the United States, however, unfortunately in less developed countries that is not the case. In India they have an unusual amount of pollution located in their streams and rivers. Due to the unusual amount of fecal matter in the water it has become contaminated. In the articles “How India’s success is Killing Its Holy Water” by Jyoti Hottam and “Perception of drinking water safety and factors influencing acceptance and sustainability of a water quality intervention in rural southern India.” by M. R. Francis, R. Sarkar, V. R. Mohan, G. Kang and V. Balraj I will be comparing and contrasting their findings on the source of the water pollution and the sanitation problems. They

The objective of knowing the effects of non-point source pollution on water quality are to understand and possibly help to begin a prevention system for non-point source pollution. This research will show that non-point source pollution is a problem that is ongoing and it will be helpful to begin a prevention system for this type of pollution. Non-point source pollution is directly related to water quality in the Chip River. Non-point source pollution is not directly related to water quality in the Chip River. Non-point source pollution will likely continue to negatively affect water quality in the Chip

Incredible water shortage in the Middle East region has compelled countries to reuse this water for many purposes. Treated wastewater can be used in agriculture, industry, recharging aquifers (Middle East Water Shortage). This method leads to conservation of traditional sources of water which further can be used “for meeting the demand for higher-quality water such as that for drinking, or for high value-added industrial and agricultural uses.” Also the climate fickleness’ influence will lessen by means of reuse. But there are few problems connected with leading treatment into usage. One of them are health and environmental risks (Baroudy 2005, 25-35). Purified in such way water contains bacteria, viruses and parasites (Middle East Water Shortage). Use of treated water can cause different infectious and gastrointestinal diseases. According to Baroudy even contact with this water sometimes can cause allergies and other dermatological illnesses (2005, 25-35). Another problem is that this water has some biological and chemical matter dissolved in it, which can obstruct soil pores. Clogged soil has less ability for leaking which leads to bad irrigation efficiencies (Middle East Water Shortage). But, of course, some standards with the purpose to limit these effects were elaborated. Toughening standards require financial investments (Baroudy 2005, 25-35). Process of waste treatment requires special equipment and construction of special water treatment

Although this problem is recognized since long, it still lacks coherent efforts on part of international agencies, as confirmed by World Bank’s Water and Sanitation report (2005, p-viii). Article, very aptly tries to show its reader the plight of the people, suffering from this. However, comparison with similarly hit countries, especially Bangladesh

The urban wastewater concerns houses and commercial enterprises. This pollution is increasing because of the growth of population. The chemical products rejected include in wastewater is important source of contamination. Although used water is taken by the sewage, an important part is dragging in the streams. This issue provokes the contamination of Houston ' streams. Environmentalists found that Houston ‘streams is contaminated. They found the presence of high levels of

Clean water supply is essential in establishing and maintaining a healthy community. There are two sources of water supply which are the surface water and ground water. Most natural waters are not suitable for consumption as it is contaminated by pathogens and also natural chemicals and minerals. In addition, as a city grew, wastes from human activities contaminate most of the water supplies. Water treatment plays an important role to properly treat a contaminated source of water supply in order to protect the health of consumers. Water treatment process is defined as a process of eliminating pollutants from untreated water to produce a biologically and chemically risk-free water, which is both potable and palatable for human consumption

70 % of our Earth surface is covered by water and almost 60% of the human body contain water for nutrient transportation. The unique characteristic of water is water molecule is the only substance in this Earth that exist in all three physical states of matter which are solid, liquid and gas. All human beings need water to survive. The national development over the years cause the rate of water pollution increased. According to Gebre & Rooijen (2009) water pollution can be considered as a sign that derives from economic growth and is a common phenomenon in urbanized cities in developing countries. In general, there are three main issues that related to water pollution which are the causes, effects and the way to decrease this problem.