Interrogation Techniques And The Interrogation Technique

The military and the government security organs normally apply numerous methods in obtaining critical information about criminal activities. Some of these techniques are considered acceptable by the human rights and other non-governmental organizations while others are considered as violating the human rights as stated by the constitution of major countries and states. There has been a strong debate on the use of these techniques and many have defined them as torture.

U.S. Supreme Court’s main concern can be seen in their conclusion regarding the process on in-custody interrogation. Due to the fact that such a process entails pressures that work to undermine an individual’s will to resist and to compel him to speak where he would not otherwise do so freely (3), was a main concern of the Supreme

Many of today’s interrogation models being utilized in police investigations have an impact on false confessions. The model that has been in the public eye recently is the social psychological process model of interrogation known as the “The Reid Technique.” There are two alternatives used by the police today to replace the Reid Technique, one is the PEACE Model and the other is Cognitive Interviewing. These methods are not interrogation techniques like Reid but interview processes.

To develop an experimental paradigm to study the influence of psychologically based interrogation techniques on true and false confessions.

The intense environment can be seen as a threat to an individual’s protection against self-incrimination. The standard proceedings for an interrogation are typically meant to elicit a confession to some degree. The Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation from 1956 outlines the classic interrogation method. It states that “the subject should be deprived of every psychological advantage” and the investigator “must dominate his subject and overwhelm him with his inexorable will to obtain the truth” (Document F). These instructions make it an unfair circumstance for the accused. If investigators are trained to undermine and manipulate people into giving confessions, then no statement made during an interrogation is without coercion or some form of outside opinion. In Miranda v Arizona, Miranda’s lawyer argued that his client underwent this type of interrogation and therefore, the court could not use his confession. In such an intimidating atmosphere, Ernesto Miranda thought he had no choice but to answer questions that would incriminate him. He also was unaware that he could speak with an attorney to help protect him and his rights. The court rulings and instating of the Miranda Rights helped to make sure that this scenario would not happen again. The Miranda Rights, or Miranda Warning, outlines the rights

When questioning witnesses of a crime, detectives may choose a specific technique; one technique is the Reid Technique. The Reid Technique is a multi-step questioning method that pressures the witnesses or the accused to admit to the crime. It is used in North America. According to Professor Brent Snook, a psychologist at the Memorial University in Newfoundland, the Reid Technique is “Starsky and Hutch”, where two hot head detectives “beat up” their suspects to encourage them confess (http://news.nationalpost.com/2011/11/25/youre-guilty-now-confess-false-admissions-put-polices-favourite-interrogation-tactic-under-scrutiny/). This paper will examine the steps of the Reid Technique, as well as reveal substantial evidence that this technique should be banned. This technique has led to false confessions. Not only does this mean that someone has been punished that isn’t guilty, but it also means the real criminal has not been found and punished. The arguments against the use of this technique are the following:

The officers that interrogated Cathy Woods used the Reid Model which is a nine step model of interrogation that is used to extract false confessions from suspects (Bennel,Forth,Pozzulo). The Reid model is the most used form of interrogation in the United States but has problems because the way it’s used puts a lot of stress on the suspects to confess to a crime they may not even have committed. For example, having interrogations that are hours even days long and denying suspects food, water and even being able to use the bathroom will make people confess just to end the interrogation, which is what happened to Cathy Woods. Cathy Woods’s false confession falls into the Coerced-compliant category because she confessed to a crime she knew she didn’t commit, but did it anyway to end the interrogation. Cathy Woods also vulnerable to false confessions because of her mental illness. To avoid false confessions such as Cathy Woods there must be safety nets in place that would be able to capture these inadequate interrogations. For instance, Saul Kassin a distinguished Professor of Psychology suggests we record all interrogations and have it reviewed by a judge before a trial starts. This way our chances of catching a false confession goes up and we can avoid people who are innocent from serving harsh

This method is used exactly the same on both adult and juvenile offenders and it not adjusted to the fit the differences between them. PEACE is a form of investigative interview that is formulated to acquire information rather than gather a confession from a suspect. PACE required all interrogation conducted by police to be recorded. The differences between youths and adults is recognized by PACE and an adult is mandatory to be present during the interrogation of a juvenile. (Feld, 2013)

In 1966, a milestone in Law Enforcement interrogation procedures was established through the case of Miranda vs Arizona. In the case of Orozco vs Texas, just a couple years later in 1969, the guidelines established by Miranda vs Arizona changed the ruling of Reyes Arias Orozco who self-incriminated himself without being read his Fifth Amendment rights while being interrogated in his home. Orozco vs Texas effected interrogation procedures due to Orozco being interrogated inappropriately in his own bed, early in the morning, and without being aware to his rights which clearly states within the Self-Incrimination Clause that, “The Fifth Amendment 's right against self-incrimination permits an individual to refuse to disclose information that

The Court ruled in the case of Miranda v. Arizona that interrogations are in inherently stressful and pressure the defendant to cooperate based on a lack of knowledge regarding their specific rights during questioning. Because of this finding they concluded officers have a duty to advise the defendant of their rights through the Miranda warning. The requirement is only required when the suspect is in custody and subject to interrogation [7].” The Court focused on the two conditions triggering the need for the Miranda warning because of the impermissibly high risk of coerced confessions [13]. The very nature of in which defendants are questioned alone by law enforcement officers trained in using tactics to “persuade, trick, or cajole

First, it is important to recognize that in both criminal and HUMINT investigations, interrogation typically takes place at a time when there has been no judicial determination that the person being interrogated is guilty of a crime or possesses useful information. Thus, given the considerable resources that may be invested in the interrogation process, especially for intelligence interrogations, one could argue that it is important to have an effective screening process in place to ensure that only those individuals with a relatively high potential for responsibility and/or knowledge

The method of inquiry is based on gathering observable, empirical and measureable evidence. Basically, methods of inquiry are ways that an investigator gathers the information for the case that they are investigating. Methods of inquiry are used in criminal investigation by collecting evidence, statement collection, and going through electronic databases and even the internet. The methods of inquiry are all used in conjunction to reconstruct the crime scene. The methods are also used by utilizing the five W’s, who, what, when, where, and why, and also how. There are three methods of inquiry that are used in an investigation and those are authority method,

* Suggest themes to minimise moral implications (e.g. understanding how the offender had to do what he did)

The purpose of a police interrogation is to obtain a confession, as well as gather evidence, while interviewing the suspect (Pozzulo, Bennell, & Forth, 2015). Though this is the overall goal of police interrogations, there are a few different interrogation techniques or models. A well-known and commonly used method in North America, is the Reid model of interrogation (King & Snook, 2009). The Reid model consists of nine different steps that work to counter the idea that accused individuals will not confess to their crimes because the fear of the possible consequences prevails over any anxiety that they feel when they are being deceptive and/or dishonest (Pozzulo et al., 2015). The Reid model tries to decrease this fear while increasing the

One of the best training programs to implement into the police department is the Reid interrogation techniques. Interrogation and interviewing techniques became popular in 1947 by John E. Reid and Associates. Joseph P. Buckley stated that “The Reid Technique of Interviewing and Interrogation is now the most widely used approach to question subjects in the world (Buckley P. J., 2000).” There three- parts to the Reid process for solving a crime. The first stage that should be taking is to collect and analyze relative information from the crime scene thing that offers insight to the possible suspect and determine the direction an investigation should take. The second stage of the process interviewing people of interest using Behavior Analysis Interview (BAI) (Buckley P. J., 2000). The Behavior Analysis Interview is a non-accusatory process that allows detectives to interview a suspect using a question and answer procedure to provoke a suspect to show non- verbal truthfulness or deception. The third stage, if the offender has not admitted to the crime an accusatory interrogation is administered (Leave no marks, 2007). The Reid interrogation technique is believed to be a fail proof technique ,however, there are some reservations against using this technique on juvenile offenders (Constitutional Law(n.d). Implementing the Reid technique into the police departments learning curriculum will truly