TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION & DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS BASIC CONCEPTS Situation: A journalist is preparing a program segment on what appears to be the relatively disadvantaged financial position of women and the incidence of female poverty in Australia. Several questions may arise, for example: • What is the pattern of female incomes? • How severe is the problem of female poverty and what proportion fall below the ‘poverty line’? • Has their general level of income improved over the last ten years? • Are single working mothers especially disadvantaged? • Working mothers often need to put their children into day-care. What should the capacity of the local centre be? • How does their income compare with their …show more content…
Eg. TABLES & GRAPHICAL DATA REPRESENTATION Nominal Data Example: The marital status of 15 people is as follows: M D S M W S M M D S M D W M S M= Married S = Single D=Divorced W = Widowed Frequency Table |Status |Frequency |Relative Frequency| |S |4 |.27 | |M |6 |.40 | |D |3 |.20 | |W |2 |.13 | Bar Chart [pic] Pie Chart [pic] The only meaningful measure of spread or variation is the observed variety of values: Single, Married, Divorced, Widowed Ranked Data Ranked data can also be represented using the same methods as for nominal data, but the order is important. Also its ‘centre’ can often be meaningfully represented by the Median and the variation can sometimes be measured by the Range or the Inter Quartile Range. Interval Data Example: The heights of 16 people (to nearest cm.) 147. 156 156 157 162 167 169 172 172 173 175 176 180 181 183 192 Stem and Leaf Display Stem Leaf 14 7 15 667 16 279 17 22356 18 013 19 2 Frequency Table |Group |Frequency |Relative |Cumulative Rel. Freq. | | | |Frequency | | |145.5-155.5 |1
Due to financial hardship, the Nyke shoe company feels they only need to make one size of shoes, regardless of gender or height. They have collected data on gender, shoe size, and height and have asked you to tell them if they can change their business model to include only one size of shoes – regardless of height or gender of the wearer. In no more 5-10 pages (including figures), explain your recommendations, using statistical evidence to support your findings. The data found are below:
An increase in baby booming makes it tougher for working parents to find daycare. The facts prove that having children come with a true price. Even so it doesn’t change the issues of finding child care or makes them go away. When parents work, quality child care is a necessity. And it does not come cheap. For families with more than one child, child care can eat up one salary, leaving parents wondering both working is worth it. When thinking of child care there are some options to consider like choosing a child care center, the costs of child care centers, and waiting lists.
|inequality between gender and class and also, the extent of poverty in the current British context. I will also cover causes of |
To view the research on an ordinal scale, the research data can be drawn from the letter grade achieved from each student. Ordinal refers to the ranking order, for example A, B, C, D and F with A being the highest in ranking order and F being the lowest.
Poverty is a significant threat to women’s equality. In Canada, more women live in poverty than men, and women’s experience of poverty can be harsher, and more prolonged. Women are often left to bear more burden of poverty, leading to ‘Feminization of poverty’. Through government policy women inequality has resulted in more women and children being left in poverty with no means of escaping. This paper will identify some key aspects of poverty for Canadian women. First, by identifying what poverty entails for Canadian women, and who is more likely to feel the brunt of it. Secondly the discussion of why women become more susceptible to poverty through government policy and programs. Followed by the effects that poverty on women plays in
The information in the table below refers to the 2008 model year product line of BMW automobiles. Identify the Individuals, variables, and data corresponding to the variables in the table below. Determine whether each variable is qualitative, continuous, or, discrete. Please refer to problems #51 and #53 on page 13 for examples.
So clearly, being female is an important factor when we consider who is likely to be poor here in Canada.
Another view of poverty is that is gender bias, that women are mostly like to live in poverty then men are, for this approach we going to discuss the Feminist Perspective. In 2006, 54 % of women lived in poverty ages 18 and over (NAPO 2006). This perspective uses the gender-based analysis, which works to understand the structures that contribute to women in poverty. Another interesting factor about this perspective is that it using the narrative analysis which focuses on women’s experiences with a symbolic approach which is put into data interpretation.
The United States exhibits the trend of the “feminization of poverty”, a powerful phrase coined by Diana Pierce to exhibit the increasing number of women and children in poverty. Among the causes of this problem is a “dual labor market that actively discriminates against female workers” (Leventman 1988: 197). The average American woman is only paid 77 cents to every working man’s dollar (Alter 2014). Men today make more than women, despite women having the same amount of educational achievement. In fact, in 2011, men with only a bachelor’s degree made more than women with graduate degrees (Alter 2014). In 2013, full-time working men made $50,033 compared to just $39,157 for full-time working women (Cook 2014). In America today, the problem of poverty in the lives of women and children is attributed to different aspects of gender stratification as well as gender inequality. Poverty will continue until women are equal to men in terms of power, wealth, and other
As discussed previously women tend to have lower incomes then men this leads to higher levels of poverty in women. In the U.S 56% of people living in poverty are women, globally that percentage jumps to 70%. Not surprisingly women responsible for children are the largest group of people living in poverty. The combination of financial insecurity, heavy workloads with minimal pay and the emotional responsibility of caring for children can exact a heavy toll on women’s emotional health. Poverty also has an effect on a women’s physical health. Adverse health outcomes are two times higher amongst people in disadvantaged social position compared to those in advantaged social position. With a lack of access to proper housing and nutrition many women living in poverty experience distressing medical conditions and have no access to proper medical care. These issues can lead to adverse effects on mental health and psychological disorders (Astbury,
Clearly, we can see from the table that 11% of all households whose total amount of population was 1,837,000 lived in poverty. The proportion of poor single person with no children was 19% (population 54,000), whereas sole parent had 21% people (population 232,000) who lived in poverty. However, couple with no children had a 7% of population (population 211,000) living in poverty, whilst the proportion of poor couple with children who was poor account for 12% (933,000). In addition, there was 6% of single aged person who lived in poverty, whereas only 4% aged people (population 48,000) lived in poverty.
Feminization of poverty can be defined by the increasing female population on low income or in poverty. Since 1970, the increase of poor women greatly outnumbered that of poor man resulting in the termed feminization of poverty most households are headed by Socioeconomic can also be linked to femininization of poverty by lack of education, income and a range of health problems, such as cancer, diabetes, low birthweight. Also, divorce a giving birth out of wedlock. women.
Poverty has increasingly become a noticeable issue worldwide over the past couple of decades. With the middle class steadily decreasing, considerable amounts of people are becoming part of the lower class, and even more of our world’s population are beginning to live in poverty. It is important to understand there are different definitions of poverty, and that is largely determined by what each country’s government determines as the cut off of poverty, otherwise known as the ‘poverty line’. Although some people could live above the poverty line, and still be struggling financially, it goes unrecognized by most research collection. However, what was initially noticed around the 1970’s is that there was a significant rise in women’s poverty statistics. More female-headed households were living in poverty, and a majority of those women belonged to a minority. This recognizable trend has been deemed the ‘feminization of poverty’, which according research is not only a growing problem in North America, but several other countries around the world. Information gathered about this issue in the United States shows that female-headed households is by far the fastest growing type of family structure, and due to the fact there is a growing poverty level amongst this group, it now means that approximately half of the all the poor in the United States live in a women-headed family and household. (Gimenez, 1999, p. 336) The biggest question when is comes to this particular topic is why?
Poverty is an issue that is faced by multitudes of people around the world. Poverty itself is defined as, “the state of being poor” (Merriam Webster). According to Sara S. McLanahan, of Princeton University, “In the United States, poverty is defined as not having enough income to pay for basic needs, such as food, clothing and shelter. Poverty is a family attribute. In other words, if a family is classified as poor, all the members of that family are also poor” (McLanahan, n.d.). The U.S. Census Bureau, in 2013 shows, “there were 45.3 million people in poverty” just in the United States (U.S Census Bureau, 2013). From those living in poverty, in the same year, “the ratio of the female poverty rate to the male poverty rate was 1.2---women were 20 percent more likely to be poor than men” (Mykyta, 2013, p. 2). Also, “of all people categorized as in poverty in 2011, approximately 56 percent were women” (Mykyta, 2013, p. 2). Sakiko Fukuda-Parr, director of the Human Development Report, portrays a simple truth, “women are poorer than men” (Fukuda-Parr, 1999, p. 99).
Major League Baseball is known as America’s favorite pastime, and MLB teams spend an extensive amount of money in the excess of a billion dollars with the ultimate goal to win the World Series. This learning team’s focus throughout this descriptive statistics paper is the MLB players’ performances, salaries, salary caps, and winning percentages. Though salaries will by no means be a trade for wins, the goal is to use the less experienced players and pay them a lower salary. Research has been done on whether or not player’s salaries and wins are connected.