Ip Essay

Once the well reaches the right depth, it turns right or left and becomes horizontal. This is called the kick off point. The horizontal section can span anywhere from 1,000 to 6,000 feet. The drill is removed but the surrounding steel casing remains. These steel casings are meant to protect the groundwater and the surrounding area from any potential leakage during the fracking process. Down at the horizontal section of the well, little holes are punctured through the steel in thousands of spots. Then, a water solution is pumped at a extremely high pressure down the well. This causes tons of cracks and fissures in the rock. Additives and sand in the water mixture hold the cracks open, allowing oil to escape and be brought up to the surface.

Offshore drilling is defined as” The operation of oil wells on the continental shelf, sometimes in water hundreds of feet deep” according to dictionary.com. This method of drilling is a very common form, being used throughout different locations offshore everywhere in the world, the first being in 1897 according to howstuffworks.com. The locations of oil are found by two main methods. The first one is by finding magnetic occurrences that are in natural in the ground. If readings found a steady amount of magnetism over a general area then suddenly a large decline, they could have found the location of an oil deposit. But to ensure that is in fact a trap, the second method called sparking. “sparking is sending shock waves down through the water and into the ocean floor.” This allows ships above to be able to read the ground below and see at different locations where

With the age of constant industrial and technological growth has come the necessity for not only cost effective and efficient methods for industry, but also the need for obtaining fuel for the machines that make the modern world possible. Oil has become as precious a commodity as gold, if not more so; its attainments constantly driving the world's largest businesses and governments across the world into action. Naturally, a "quick-fix" solution to this problem is constantly sought after by oil companies wishing to provide oil on a massive scale. One of these drilling methods is known as induced hydraulic fracturing (also known as fracking).

Paragraph 1: Hydraulic fracking is a hot topic across the state of Texas. There are debates whether fracking is the actual cause of the sudden earthquakes in Texas. Fracking is an intense process where natural gas is extracted deep from within the earth. Drillers from oil and gas companies use a horizontal drilling technique that is initiated as a vertical casing and then makes a 90 degree turn. This allows the well to follow the natural fractures of shale rock. A fracking fluid mixed of water, sand, and chemicals is injected with high-pressure down the well. The fluid produces several small cracks in the shale, creating a pathway for the gas to enter and flow out of the well casing. Each well can

Next drillers inject the well with extremely pressurized fluid. The fluid is a make of water, sand, and lube sent into the wellbore under high pressure. Which then initiates the adjacent rock to crack and release natural gas that has been captive underneath the earth surface. The forced mixture then creates a fairway to the well and consents the released gas to flow to the wellbore.

We also have state and federal officials over watching the procedures and practices. These officials also make sure the production wells are able to maintain integrity. “Maintaining well integrity and reducing surface spills and improper wastewater disposal are central to minimizing contamination from the hundreds of chemicals found in fracturing fluids and from naturally occurring contaminants such as salts, metals, and radioactivity found in oil and gas wastewaters” (Jackson, et al. 2014) If there is any problem with these wells, the operator knows that the emergency procedure is to stop the process and report it. These well operators understand the laws, reporting procedures, and well maintenance. “Any well drilled into the Earth creates a potential pathway for liquids and gases trapped underground to reach the surface.” (Jackson, et al. 2014) Every year they have to submit a report to the state or federal agencies to make sure the well is maintaining the integrity and report the production of the oil and

Hydraulic fracturing is a controversial practice commonly used by oil and natural gas producers. This practice, better known as “fracking”, is used to stimulate the production of oil by fracturing shale to release natural gas. The birth modern day hydraulic fracturing began as early as the 1940s and today it is widely practiced across the United States, from new york, to Oklahoma, even all the way to California. The process of fracking is fairly simple, hydraulic fracturing (fracking) involves tapping shale and other tight-rock formations by drilling a mile or more below the surface before turning horizontal and continuing to drill several thousand feet more (Energy from Shale 2016). is drilled water is injected at an extremely high rate

In today’s society the issues of producing energy is becoming more and more scare which, constantly posses the question, “How will energy be obtained in order to sustain future generations?” Hydraulic fracturing, informally known as fracking is believed to be an effective alternative to provide us with the energy we need to fuel tomorrow. Hydraulic fracking was first used at Texas Stanolind Oil and Gas Cooperations in 1947. However, it was not until 1949 that The Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Cooperation was given a licensee to use hydraulic fracturing. Since then a combination of two advanced methods have been introduced and incorporated (4). These methods are slick-water hydraulic fracturing and precision drilling of wells. Nevertheless,

Recently, oil companies have increased their search for oil in water deeper than 1,500 feet, which is classified as "deep water." While that is where the companies hope to find the largest untapped oil reserves, seeking out and extracting oil there presents unique challenges. For one thing, platforms in deep water cannot sit on legs connected to the sea floor the way they can in shallower areas, so other methods must be used to protect them from strong currents.

For the past few years, I directed my research towered development of mechanical systems and devices for oil and gas industries. The research involve modeling the downhole assembly and fabricating systems/setups and mechanisms to imitate deep drilling (high temperature and high pressure drilling

Interpublic Group (IPG) is a global company with numerous companies under its umbrella. It is based in New York City with offices in over 100 countries ("Overview," n.d.). IPG specializes in consumer advertising, digital marketing, communications planning and media buying, public relations and specialty marketing ("Overview," n.d.). IPG agencies customize marketing programs for many of the world’s largest companies through its comprehensive global services which help its clients build brands, increase sales of their products and services and gain market share ("Overview," n.d.). Therefore, it is important that IPG’s website is able to attract the best talent by encompassing a number of dimensions, including navigability, content information, and aesthetic features (Kavanagh et al., 2014).

Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Annular pressure build up (APB) is an important problem in the areas of well design. Although different suggestions have been proposed to mitigate APB, including vacuum insulated tubing, silicate foam wellbore insulation techniques, and insulating completion (packer) fluids, consistent, robust APB mitigation solutions that include the optimized annular fluid rheology of the trapped drilling fluids in the outer annuli are needed to better handle this problem.

The subsea high-pressure wellhead housing (typically 18¾ in. (476.25mm)) is, effectively, a unitized wellhead with no annulus access. It provides an interface between the subsea BOP stack and the subsea well. The subsea wellhead is the male member to a large-bore connection, as shown in (the female counterpart is the wellhead connector on the bottom of the BOP stack), that will be made up in a remote subsea, ocean-floor environment. The 18¾-in (476.25mm) wellhead will house and support each casing string by way of a mandrel-type casing hanger. The internal diameter of the 18¾-in (476.25mm) wellhead provides a metal-to-metal sealing surface for the seal assembly, when it is energized around the casing hanger. The wellhead provides a primary landing shoulder in the bottom ID area to support the combined casing loads, and will typically accommodate two or three casing hangers and a tubing hanger. The minimum ID of the wellhead is designed to let a 17½-in (438.15mm) drilling bit pass through. (Petrowiki)

The criterion to choose a multiphase boosting solution for any oil well system is very subjective and in most cases is dependent on the pump manufacturer or system packager data. Such a situation may result in over-dependence on the vendors and probably camouflage other available technologies or limitations in the known technology. The study will compare both the manufacturer data sheets as well as the available data on multiphase pump performance in oil wells across the globe. The available literature on the subject only indicates that certain type of pump is suitable for a given application but does not provide a generalized set of criterion for deciding up on a pump for a particular field