J.G. Ballard's Science Fiction Legacy

Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and George Orewell’s 1984 were both composed surrounding times of war in the twentieth century. The authors were alarmed by what they saw in society and began to write novels depicting the severe outcomes and possiblities of civilizaton if it continued down its path. Although the two books are very different, they both address many of the same issues and principles.

Saying that World War II transformed the world may sound like either a massive understatement or a trivialization of the discord; however, the simple fact is that the war revolutionized everything, including the ushering of a new technological age. From pressurized cabins in airplanes to penicillin, the products of government-funded research began to enter ordinary households, leading to more comfortable lifestyles. In spite of this, the world witnessed the adverse effects of technology on mankind, specifically with the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Author Ray Bradbury offers insight into the destructive potential of this new age in two of his short-story dystopias: “The Pedestrian” (1951) and “August 2026: There Will Come Soft Rains” (1950). Through the short stories’ distinct settings, unique moods, and similar usages of symbolism, Bradbury

Throughout time Science Fiction writers have produced their work, using the concept of dystopia as a method to express their outlook and opinion on the issues within their existing societies, in which they are writing from. The writer delivers a message to the audience, educating them about the current contextual concerns and the possibility of the dystopias that are developed as a result. This is demonstrated in the novel Fahrenheit 451, written by Ray Bradbury and the film Gattaca, directed by Andrew Niccol. Both of these composers illustrate their fears for the fate of their society through the structural and language features of their texts. Ray Bradbury explores the value of using knowledge and independent thinking rather than blindly

‘The Dawn of Man’ sequence is based in a prehistoric time period and the most important theme of this sequence is nature. Kubrick shows the two stages of nature before showing us as the audience how humans evolved as a species. The various shots of land are staged in altered settings within different time zones, which express the Earth as a large place. With no characters and no type of dialogue, the non-diegetic sound of birds chirping is a representation of nature. The sound of the birds in this sequence created a natural atmosphere and made it believable for the viewer.

Wall, Mike. "Could the U.S. Have Beaten the Soviets into Space?" N.p., 8 Apr. 2011. Web. 12 Dec. 2015.

When an author produces a work of literature, they are greatly influenced by the world around them. Inspired by life in society, authors are able to create work that speaks to their observations and views on society and its functions. In the book Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury incorporated the corruption of the society in which he lived in into the dystopian society created in his book. Fahrenheit 451, a fictional book about a protagonist’s attempt to overcome a dystopian society’s corruption, was written by Ray Bradbury while living in 1950’s America. The book focuses on themes of censorship, and illustrates the effects of when a society is controlled and limited. The correlation between the story and the time it was written is

“All kinds of creative possibilities are made possible by science and technology which now constitute the slave of man, if man is not enslaved by it” as quoted by Jonas Salk during a speech about the technological advances in modern medicine in the 1950s. In the short stories by Ray Bradbury, he illustrates how the characters are struggling to live with the futuristic capabilities of technology. “The Pedestrian” focuses on a man named Leonard Mead who is the only person in society who does not use the technology in his home, his hobby is to walk. However, he is viewed as an outcast. “The Veldt” focuses on how George and Lydia Hadley figure out how their children’s nursery is powered by their mind and how they use it to have a tragic advantage over their parents in the end. While technology can let people connect to others much more efficiently, Ray Bradbury shows how the characters in his short stories “The Pedestrian” and “The Veldt” prove how technology is capable of isolating people from reality.

His liberal viewpoints were forged from hardships of the second World War, which would cause him to suffer great mental distress for the rest of his life, but yet found an outlet through writing to share said opinions. Not all were entirely pleased with how blunt some morals were however, and he turned to the commonly overlooked genre of science fiction. Censorship continued to haunt him though, with many works were turned into a feather duster of what they should have been originally, much too his own dismay. Nevertheless, Serling stood by his works, having used them to inspire others during his time to hopefully spread more broadminded beliefs. Far outshooting his original hopes, Rod Serling has become a visionary cultural icon of the 20th century whose well written works continue to affect the world in ways that could have never been

In 1953, American author and screenwriter, Ray Bradbury, in his novel, Fahrenheit 451, utilizes a dramatic and depressing tone alerting the effects of social issues in a dystopian society, such as order and identity in the world. During the 1950's new technological advances were being created that helped alter the world such as the first ever commercial computer or television. Bradbury's purpose in this novel was to prevent what was to come in the future with the minds of human minds be consumed by new toys and gadgets. With this book Bradbury wanted to change his audience's perspective on the way they perceive books and the social outcome it can have. He implements many Biblical allusions, paradoxes, and imagery to help develop his major themes that factor what is happening in society.

These lessons are the outline that he based and wrote many of his masterpieces from (Bloom). Ray Bradbury grew up in a very different atmosphere in the United States. As a young boy, he was exposed to the horror movies of his period, like The Phantom of the Opera and The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Many of the themes in Fahrenheit 451 are very common to those of these movies. Like Montag in Fahrenheit 451, the main characters in these movies are social outcasts. Bradbury was also exposed to a plethora of books at a very young age. These books also molded many of the themes that are now seen in his many books. Bradbury actually planned to be an actor before two of his teachers realized a true talent in his writing capabilities. Snow Longley Housh taught Ray about Poetry while Jeannet Johnson taught him how to write stories. Over sixty years later, critics can still see the remnants of their teaching and the effects that this knowledge had on Bradbury, even at his young age. Bradbury did not receive any formal education after he graduated high school in 1938. Instead, he sold newspapers in Los Angeles during the day and spent his nights in the library, educating himself. As Bradbury grew as an author, he continually sought the guidance of experienced writers such as, Henry Kuttner, Leigh Brackett, Robert Heinlein and Henry Hasse. Despite their differences, George Orwell and Ray

The science-fiction film genre serves as an excellent medium for examining shifting power structures, social paranoia and Cold War politics during the 1950s. A number of films released during this period, including: Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956), The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951), Them (1954) and Attack of the 50ft Woman (1958), are particularly symptomatic of the social and political atmosphere of the time. These films navigate not only narrative based issues such as the threat of aliens and science experiments gone wrong; but also wider issues of the time, such as the Cold War, changes in the US film industry, urbanisation, politics, the growing power of women and most significantly, social concern about nuclear energy.

Events and ideas circulating in a writer’s environment shift and mold his perspective, and ultimately provide the basis for his works of literature. Writers who experience similar socialization often have similar writing styles and themes they strive to convey. Modernism stretched from the late nineteenth century to the early 1940s. Modernist writers criticized tradition and institutions, attempting to find meaning and individuality in a chaotic world. Postmodernists tend to mock modernist styles, and the very possibility of meaning and absolute truth. Postmodernism began around 1939-1945, at the beginning of World War II. Writers from the period embrace chaos and the constant change and subjectivity of the universe. The Handmaid’s Tale and Brave New World both clearly articulate the common themes and styles of their respective times. Written by Aldous Huxley in 1943, Brave New World uses literary techniques typical to modernism and more often postmodernism to convey Huxley’s conviction that people find happiness in their ability to make their own choices as individuals within society. Human impulses, which drive individuality and choice, are necessary, though when uncontrolled they bring chaos to society. The Handmaid’s Tale was written about forty years later, and although Margaret Atwood borrows some stylistic techniques from modernism (similarly to Brave New World), the four-decade gap is still evident as she has clearly moved into the heart of postmodernism. Through

2001: A Space Odyssey is just that: a long wandering voyage of the body and mind. Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C. Clark collaborated brilliantly. In examining both works, the film and the novel, there are certainly differences, yet the theme and overall idea coincide thoroughly. That this was made in the 1960's augments both accomplishments. The visuals, seen in 2004, are still captivating. What they must've seemed like in 1968! I flout those who received this movie poorly in those days. Would I have received it as well without having a preconceived idea of its greatness? I can only hope I would have known what I was watching.

Literature can, at times, have a fascinating connection with film. Whether it is a film or a piece of literature, both are written by someone that wants to leave an impact on an audience. However, movies and books have different roles. They each have different strong points wherein books give better characterization, stronger revelations, and inner conflict, but movies create a better mood with music and visuals, showing much more emotion. It's a totally different kind of experience, of course, and there are a number of differences between the book and the movie. The novel of 2001: A Space Odyssey by Arthur C. Clarke, for example, attempts to explain things much more explicitly than the film does, which is inevitable in a verbal medium. The movie version of 2001: A Space Odyssey, directed by Stanley Kubrick, on the other hand, is essentially a visual, nonverbal experience. It avoids intellectual verbalization and reaches the viewer's subconscious in a way that is essentially poetic and philosophic. The film thus becomes a subjective experience, which hits the viewer at an inner level of consciousness, just as music does, or painting. Utilizing its verbal medium, Clarke is able to explain his narrative, whereas Kubrick creates a visual and audial experience, through means of ambiguity, in which the viewer sees everything, is told nothing, and in which one cannot detect the presence of the film as one at all.

Films do and have always reflected society because they show what's important to people. Films demonstrate fads and hot button issues. Film is not only a piece of art but also a tool of social reform as it expresses the feelings of humans and their idea of contemporary society. Films are the mirror that reflect the society. They are controlled by powerful forces that filter information to the public as well as reflect their fears. This has been held true in the film industry for many decades. For example, when society had a fear of widespread crime then there were many films that reflected the police catching the criminals. When society felt that the schools were not educating the children then there were films reflecting inspirational