Liz, Choi
AP Biology (8th period)
Mrs. Mast
January 4th, 2017
JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway
As people survived in the Earth, they experienced four different seasons: spring, summer, fall, and winter. Each season have different weather conditions and our body had to adjust
In order to respond to message from environment, The JAK/STAT signaling pathway has three main components: receptor, JAK, and STAT. The receptor is on the cell surface waiting for a specific signals or ligands that fit into it. JAK stands for Janus kinase, Janus is the Greek word for god of transition and kinase is any type of enzymes that phosphorylate, giving energy by adding phosphate group, any type of proteins. JAK contains JAK tyrosine kinases which are the enzymes that can convey a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to another protein. There are four different types of JAK proteins: Tyk2 (Tyrosine kinase 2), JAK 1, JAK2, and JAK3. STAT stands for signal transducers and activator of transcription and it carries
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There are three main types of negative regulators. The easiest one is protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Their activity is opposite to the JAKs activity; SHP-1 carries two SH2 and it binds to phosphorylated receptors or JAK in order to capacitate dephosphorylation of signaling molecule instead of phosphorylation. Another example for PTPs is CD45 and it acts as a regulator through a portion of receptors. The second type is SOCS proteins (suppressors of cytokine signaling). When activated STATs initiates transcription on SOCS gene region, the SOCS protein will be made and it will bind to both receptors and JAK in order to turn off the signaling pathway. The last type is PIAS proteins and it has a structure of Zinc binding domain in center, a carboxyl domain, and preserved SAP domain located at terminus-N, which related to binding process. PIAS protein binds to phosphorylated STAT dimer and prevents it from binding with
The four seasons specify the time of year. Seasons generally prepare you for the weather conditions for the specific months. However, the four seasons, in literature, can represent the mood and age throughout the text. For example, in the story, The Crucible the author used the season, fall, leading the reader to the interpretation that the storyline will have a gloomy and an eerie atmosphere. Therefore, when the author adds the type of weather or describes the climate in his or her story, they are trying to illustrate the mood.
There are 4 seasons in America: Spring, summer, fall, and winter. In the springtime, (February- May) the first season in the year, it is mildly warm and sometimes cold. In the summertime, (June- August) the second season of the year, it is hot and sunny. In the fall, (September- November)
2. Fall – It is during the fall that the weather is starting to calm, and the temperature is starting to cool down. It is also a time when individuals start to emotionally wind down and prepare for the sedate winter months. Traditionally, this is the time of year for the harvest and
Each year the weather became more erratic and fierce and strange things started happening every season like the leopard seal that arrived on the beach from Antarctica or the year the salmon didn’t show at all.
Activators of GRK would cause phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues, which can then bind arrestin proteins, preventing reactivation of the signaling pathway.
When the average temperatures have been the same for so long, people get used to them because they make the pattern of recurring every time creating the cycle of crop planting and harvesting and everything that farmers had to get done in that time period before it got too cold and dry and nothing would come out of it.
Summer, Fall, Winter, Spring usually seasons would not mean much to a person. In the book “How To Read Literature Like A Professor,” the author, Thomas.C Foster, explains how seasons could be more than just a an indicator of the weather. Seasons of the year could tell many characteristics of a character. During books the seasons could give an insight on the emotions of a character, the age, or the time it may be taking place. In Fosters book he gives an example of just how the seasons of the year could impact a book. Although many people may associate weather or holidays with the seasons authors make it very clear that seasons are more than this. In “ The Great Gatsby,” F.Scott Fitzgerald, the author, also includes the seasons to symbolize these things throughout
Summer, Fall, Winter, Spring usually seasons would not mean much to a person. In the book “How To Read Literature Like A Professor,” the author, Thomas.C Foster, explains how seasons could be more than just a an indicator of the weather. Seasons of the year could tell many characteristics of a character. During books the seasons could give an insight on the emotions of a character, the age, or the time it may be taking place. In Fosters book he gives an example of just how the seasons of the year could impact a book. Although many people may associate weather or holidays with the seasons authors make it very clear that seasons are more than this. In “ The Great Gatsby,” F.Scott Fitzgerald, the author, also includes the seasons to symbolize these things throughout his book.
The four seasons specify the time of year. The seasons generally prepare one for the weather conditions, for the specific months. However, the four seasons, in American Literature, can represent the mood and setting throughout the text. Many authors use this type of metaphor in their texts; for example, The Crucible, Into the Wild, “The Devil and Tom Walker”, and “The Raven” all use one of the four seasons to influence their stories. Therefore, when the author adds the type of weather or describes the month in his or her story, he or she is trying to illustrate the mood.
The earth first entered into winter when Demeter’s daughter Persephone was taken into the underworld. This sent Demeter into a depression which caused the earth to enter a famine since she was no longer tending to the harvests. She came to earth in search of her daughter and became further upset when she found out no one
Like when the weather is close to winter, more people will start wearing heavy coats and shiver to generate heat in the body. Also requiring more sleep as the day gets shorter and night time gets longer. Like the winter, summer is the opposite. People will start wearing shorter cloths and be more active.
The myth of Persephone explains how the seasons change. In the beginning of the myth Persephone was picking flowers and saw a narcissus and went to pick it and Hades rose from the under road in a golden chariot and took her. Demeter her mother searched for her and went into depression which caused everything to start to die ‘causing fall. Demeter went the other gods and found that Zeus made a deal with Hades to allow Hades marry Persephone. Demeter demanded for Zeus to allow her to see her daughter. He sent a messenger to receive her. He saw that she adapted to the life in the underworld and found her calling. Before she left, Hades gave her the fruit of life because she couldn't return to him if she was pure. Zeus compromised
(#2) CDKN1A is a protein coding gene. The purpose CDKN1A serves in the cell is that it works as cell cycle regulator at the G1 checkpoint and is responsible for the cell cycle arrest at that checkpoint. CDKN1A encodes a potential cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor which then prevents the phosphorylation of critical CDK substrates and blocks cell cycle progression, thus functioning as a cell cycle regulator at the G1 checkpoint. CDKN1A, along with p53, are both involved
Rapamycin, according to Vafai et al. is a compound that has been known to inhibit the protein kinase Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin, also known
Discuss in detail the effects that an activating mutation in the IKBKB gene would be expected to have on the downstream signalling pathway components and target gene expression, and how these effects are measured in the article.