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Lake Victoria Of The East African Rift Valley

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Lake Victoria in the East African Rift Valley is young compared to the surrounding lakes in the region. Despite this, the haplochromine cichlid fish that inhabit this lake have shown rapid evolution. The lake was formed by a combination of tectonic movement and river water reversal of an “ancient drainage system” in the Pleistocene. The lake is also shallow compared to others in the area (a maximum depth of 69 meters), so it is unlikely that the resident cichlids could have survived in pools during the lake’s desiccation in the late Pleistocene (Coyne and Orr, 2004). In fact, work from 1995-1996 suggests that the lake became completely desiccated in the deepest part of the basin. Therefore, fish could not have possibly found refuge in satellite lakes, and the hundreds of observed cichlid species in the lake must have then evolved within the past 200,000 years, and much more rapidly within the past 12,000 years (Johnson et al., 1996). However, if the lake was dry during the Pleistocene then the source of founding cichlids remains a mystery. It has been proposed that springs were indeed left behind as refuge for fish meaning the fish are actually much older (Coyne and Orr, 2004).
Genetic testing dates the origin of modern haplochromine haplotypes at between 98,000-133,000 years ago. Regardless of the age of the fish, haplochromine sympatric speciation raises many questions. The ecological differences within Lake Victoria are not drastic, which means that all

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