Logical Fallacy Summary

The following two sins are Tautology and False Choice. Tautology just repeats the premise, or principle of the argument. The example given was "Fan: The Cowboys are favored to win since they are the better team." (Heinrichs 155) Fundamentally, tautology is the same thing that gets repeated in different words. Next, we have False Choice. False choice is the many questions fallacy, in which two or more issues are mixed into one. "A related fallacy, the false dilemma, offers the audience two choices when more actually exist." (Heinrichs 163). The objective with this sin is to not

There are various types of fallacies that people use to try and prove an argument or point. The fallacies have no real proof of being true people just try to use misleading information to argue their point. The movie, “Mean Girls”, has multiple examples of fallacies throughout the entire movie.

A fallacy is defined as a kind of error in reasoning. They can be persuasive and be created both unintentionally and intentionally in order to deceive others from the truth. Fallacies often indicate a false belief or cause of a false belief (dowden, 2006). An argument or situation commits a fallacy when the reasons offered do not support the conclusion. This defeats the purpose of the argument since its point is to give reason to support the conclusion. Fallacies affect the outcome of our everyday decision making process. There are three types of logical fallacies discussed in this paper along with the importance of utilizing critical thinking skills.

The one that sticks out personally to me is Appeal to Authority, Ancient Wisdom, and Red Herring. Appeal to Authority consist of giving credibility based on a degree and schooling. For instance, someone in a white such as a doctor; people will assume since they are educated they know what they are talking about but they are not always right. Ancient Wisdom is a big NO! there is no way that ancient had a better understand or the tools compared to today’s science. Red Herring is the distraction from logical evidence such as conspiracy theories. Red Herring tends to distract people from an actual important topic.

The second fallacy in the paper is Far-Fetched Hypothesis. This is a fallacy of inductive reasoning that is committed when we accept a particular hypothesis when a more acceptable hypothesis, or one more strongly based in fact, is available.

An argument is an effective strategy used to persuade individuals or public that a general opinion or perception is either right or wrong. Although, as we try to create a reasonable argument, chances are we encounter logical fallacies. A fallacy is a faulty line in reasoning that hinder our ability to make an argument invalid, affecting our ability to argue effectively. Fallacies are more commonly used as a tool to influence opinion or actions of individuals or group of individuals to as to obtain a future goal while obscuring the truth of the matter. These are more commonly referred to as propagandas, which persuades the public to be “for” or “against” certain political ideas, religion, races and opinions as a whole. A propagandist wants invoke

A fallacy is the use of poor, or invalid, reasoning for the construction of an argument. It is an argument that makes an error in logic or makes assumptions that should not have been made. In the formal setting, an argument is two sides presenting their sides use logic and deductive reasoning. In the book “Writing Arguments”, authors John Ramage, John Bean, and June Johnson compare several fallacies. The authors’ describe the straw man fallacy as an argument when a writer constructs a misinterpreted version of an argument, that distorts its original meaning and intentions, soon after criticizes that as if it were the real argument. (401) A false dilemma fallacy is explained as two choices that are presented as if though they are the only

There were 5 areas in this section. The insensitivity to base rates stated that we almost always ignore these even if there is false information provided. The insensitivity to sample size is the fact that we ignore what is presented to us, and do not take the sample size into account at all. The misconceptions of chance states that outcomes will be random, even if there is no valid statistical reason for it. The regression to the mean is us ignoring the fact that things can change over time. The example in the text was batting averages, and how they can widely differ over time. The conjunction fallacy is when we judge falsely that two items in a subset are more important than any one item. We tend to think the more descriptive label if more accurate than just a plain label. It seems simple but we feel that being more descriptive is the right thing to

In his 2013 book, Naked Statistics, Charles Wheelan explains a field that is commonly seen, commonly applied, and commonly misinterpreted: statistics. Though statistical data is ubiquitous in daily life, valid statistical conclusions are not. Wheelan reveals that when data analysis is flawed or incomplete, faulty conclusions abound. Wheelan’s work uncovers statistics’ unscrupulous potential, but also makes a key distinction between deliberate misuse and careless misreading. However, his analysis is less successful in distinguishing common sense from poor judgement, a gap that enables the very statistical issues he describes to perpetuate themselves.

The use of logical fallacies is directly connected to the “Idol of the Cave,” where the individual believe in false notion based off their background and relationships amongst one another. Indirectly stating how individuals’ personal understanding was influenced by others and criticizing, exemplifies how he had the ability to agree with the ideal of the “Idols of the Cave” through this understanding of how influential of

After learning about the logical fallacies, I began to notice that people use them quite a lot. This weekend I tried being on the lookout for when someone used them, but now that I reflect back I realize that I have used some too. I realized that I used the post hoc, ergom pro pter hoc, and that people around me used the appeal to tradition.

1.Appeal to Emotion (Ad Misericordiam) a. The first fallacy from Twelve Angry Men is an example of Appeal to Emotions. The latin term for this fallacy is Ad Misericordiam. b.Appeal to Emotion is when a person uses “evidence” that elicits emotion from the reader to “support” their argument.

The logical fallacies of amphiboly, appeal to authority, appeal to emotion, and non sequitur are often found in advertising to persuade us to purchase certain products, whether we need them or not. In order to think critically, we need the proper skills. Whether reading advertisements, deciding which politician to vote for, or buying a new car, we need to know how to carefully examine the statement to determine the validity of the content or structure. When a person’s argument is flawed, it is usually from a fallacy. Fallacies are defects in an argument, which cause the argument to be invalid or weak. By understanding what fallacies are, we can avoid making them and detect when other people use them.

Fallacies of relevance do not, logically, relate to the argument, but does so emotionally or psychologically. For instance, Argumentum ad Baculum, also known as the appeal to force, uses force, or threats of force by the writer, to persuade the reader to side with them. Also, genetic fallacies are similar to argumentum ad hominem and base its claim on the idea that the premise is correct due to its origin. Although analogous to genetic fallacies, argumentum ad hominem diverts the discussion of an argument by criticizing or praising the individual that is making the case. Argumentum ad hominem is fallacious in that the debater 's character does not validate or negate an argument. Used by numerous propagandist and advertisers, argumentum ad populum uses emotionally charged language to provoke strong emotions and persuade the audience to accept the conclusion. Furthermore, argumentum ad populum uses three different approaches. Bandwagon, which

Fallacies are an error in reasoning, a fault in one’s argument that does not have the correct evidence or facts. Fallacies are something that we commit since we were young kids, arguing with your brothers or sisters and into our adulthood arguing with our spouse or trying to make a point in our career fields. Many of us even commit these fallacies without realizing what we are doing, it is a learning progress for many to realize and understand when we are using fallacy and trigger our brain to think in a different way to avoid the trickiness of fallacies. One fallacy that could be tricky and easy to use daily would be Hasty Generalizations, which is a fallacy that is based on assumption, which we all know we have done at some point in our lives and can see how easy it could be to use as an automatic reaction.