Low Respiratory Disease: Pneumonia

* Pneumonia is refers to an infection in the lungs that causes swelling in the lungs tissue and this inflammation

Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. Many different organisms can cause it, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Pneumonia can range from mild to severe, and can even be deadly. The severity depends on the type of organism causing pneumonia, as well as your age and underlying health.

Question 2. Outline the pathophysiology of altered ventilation and diffusion in relation to Mr Hunter’s pneumonia.

In the clinical setting it is found that when there is a bacterial infection that there is a sudden and rapid signs of illness in a patient. There will be dyspnea, hemoptysis, lethargic,

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung which results into an excess of fluid or pus accumulating into the alveoli of the lung. Pneumonia impairs gas exchange which leads to hypoxemia and is acquire by inhaling a contagious organism or an irritating agent. (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). Fungal, bacteria and viruses are the most common organisms that can be inhale. Pneumonia could be community-acquired or health care associated. Community –acquired pneumonia (CAP) occurs out of a healthcare facility while health care associated pneumonia (HAP) is acquired in a healthcare facility. HAP are more resistant to antibiotic and patients on ventilators and those receiving kidney dialysis have a higher risk factor. Infants, children and the elderly also have a higher risk of acquiring pneumonia due to their immune system inability to fight the virus. Pneumonia can also be classified as aspiration pneumonia if it arises by inhaling saliva, vomit, food or drink into the lungs. Patients with abnormal gag reflex, dysphagia, brain injury, and are abusing drug or alcohol have a higher risk of aspiration pneumonia (Mayo Clinic, 2013). In the case of patient E.O., this patient had rhonchi in the lower lobe and the upper lobe sound was coarse and diminished. Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include difficulty breathing, chest pain, wheezing, fever, headache, chills, cough, confusion, pain in muscle or

Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is and has been a major health problem here in the U.S. This disease mostly affects young children and the elderly 65. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacteria causing pneumonia, this bacterium has over 90 different stereotypes and is extremely hard to pin point the different mutating strains. Pneumonia is contracted from inhalation of droplets; any one coughing or sneezing around your area and carrying the virus can pass it along to you fairly easy. Pneumonia is an upper respiratory infection that causes the lungs to be inflamed and fill the alveoli (air sacs) with fluids causing lack of oxygen to the red blood cells. The most common test for S. pneumoniae is the optichin sensitivity with an optichin

Pneumonia’s most common causes are bacteria and viruses that are present in the air we breathe. The body has its own filtering system in which helps prevent viral and bacterial infections from harming the body. However, this filtering system is compromised as one ages.

By definition pneumonia is a serious lung infection that can cause difficulty with breathing, coughing, fever and fatigue. In the elderly and the very young it can lead to death. The Join Commission estimates that 125,000 people are hospitalized each year due to pneumococcal pneumonia (2015). Due to the mortality rates of this disease the Joint Commission (JC) has developed a set of core measures that provide a guideline for hospitals with suspected cases of pneumonia. The Joint commission focuses the set of core measures on the problems of the initial treatment of the disease and how the patient is taught to prevent future episodes.

A RESEARCH PAPER SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF SCIENCE BY MEGHAN CROCKETT BSN, RN, CMSRN DR. NAGIA ALI - ADVISOR

There are four different classifications of pneumonia including community-acquired pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, healthcare associated pneumonia, and ventilator-associated event which were previously referred to as ventilator-associated pneumonia (HESS). Bacteria, fungus, and viruses are some of the major causes of any type of pneumonia. Specifically, pneumococcus and Haemophilus, influenza are common pneumonia-causing bacteria. In children, these bacteria are the most present. Streptococcus pneumonia These microorganisms are capable of causing pneumonia, which is defined as inflamed air sacs in the lungs capable of developing fluid.

Pneumonia is a common infection of the lungs that millions of people acquire every year, it is most commonly contracted through the air we breathe and varies in severity due to the person, their health and the situation. Pneumonia may be caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. Bacterial infection occurs after a cold or on its own, Streptococcus pneumonia is most common form. Cold and flu viruses can sometimes cause pneumonia but these cases are usually mild. Fungi pneumonia is most commonly found in people with weak immune systems or people with chronic health problems (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Bacterial pneumonia is less contagious then a common cold or flu, but can still be caught through sneezing or coughing which puts out germs into the air that others can breathe in, or touching an object and leaving germs on it which someone else could then touch and then can transfer into their system if they touch their mouth or nose (NHS Choices, 2014). The most common way to check for pneumonia is to have a doctor listen to your lungs to check for crackling or bubbling sounds, if the doctor believes pneumonia is present they may do further testing.

The bacteria that causes one of many different types of pneumonia that will be the focus of the paper is streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae is also found in other diseases like meningitis, sinusitis, and middle ear

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is known to be the second most common nosocomial infection found in intensive care units. VAP has been associated with increased mortality, morbidity, and health-related costs. A study by the University of Faisalabad (Pakistan) was published by the Journal of University Medical & Dental College to determine if the severity of VAP can be prevented through the implementation of comprehensive strategies and clinical practices. In this study, eighty-six ventilated patients were placed in a randomized clinical trial located at the intensive care unit of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, yazd, Iran.

Mrs. A (pseudonym) is an 83-year-old Samoan female of Christian religion who was admitted to an urban hospital on 02/04/15 by GP referral. She came in with chest pain associated with productive cough and shortness of breath (SOB) on exertion. She also complained of having recurrent episodes of vomiting mixed with saliva and fatigue. She has a history of asthma, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus on Metformin and double incontinence due to a long-standing history of intermittent constipation. Her chest computed tomographic (CT) revealed right lower lobe opacity indicating pulmonary consolidation, which means that her right lower lung has accumulated exudates in the alveoli that would have normally been filled by gas, indicative of bacterial pneumonia. Furthermore, a sputum gram stain sample collected from Mrs. A showed gram-positive bacteria, which is also a characteristic of pneumonia. Her blood tests revealed a high haemoglobin count, which may be caused by an underlying lung disease, as well as high white blood cell count confirming the presence of infection. Considering all diagnostic results, Mrs. A was diagnosed with right lower lobe bacterial pneumonia.

The clinical manifestations of pneumonia will be different according to the causative organism and the patient’s underlying conditions and/or comorbidities (Smeltzer, et al). Some of the manifestations are