Malathion Case Study

Since the beginning of time in the medical field, toxicology has always been a profound question. What is toxic? And what not toxic. This question has pondered medical professionals for years. The toxicity of anything varies greatly, what can and is toxic to one person may not be toxic to another, and so on and so forth, this also includes as to what dosage of certain medicines and chemicals fall into the toxic category as well. What one person can inquest safely might kill another person? So how do we determine what is toxic, and how certain chemicals effect humans and animals? The answer is, we must perform test on something that is similar to the human species. Animals having similar traits and features in the body have often been the experimentation method of choice. By using animals in testing has raised a lot of concern and controversy over the years, but so has testing on human beings. One of the most horrifying examples of human testing was during World War II, the Nazi party in its quest to create the ultimate human species, performed a lot of testing on the Jews that were in the concentration camps with horrific results. But one good thing did come from this testing and that was the general knowledge of what a person could endure resulting in the better treatment of any species being tested for research purposes. The results from various chemical tests have been carried out for the benefit in the risks for humans, animals and the environment they are

Another importance of animal testing is this testing makes large contribution in toxicity; a study of harmful effects of chemical substance on living organisms besides finding cure for human diseases (The MSPCA–Angell, 2013). In fact, Daston, Procter and Gamble made a clarification in their article of Alternatives in Reproductive Toxicity: A Way Forward, that animal tests are being relied on for the prediction of potential harm of chemicals which may affect human reproductive system. This is because, as some animals and human have identical characteristics in complex body system, animal tests that is conducted for evaluating toxicity of reproductive are designed to apply on the complete reproductive cycle. Those three authors also added that animal testing become a medium for good prediction of toxicity as animal body systems are as complex as human’s. Rather than testing the chemical substances on human which is used for predicting potential harmful effects on body system, animal testing is the most appropriate and safest medium to save human lives.

Many people often oversee the effects of animal testing. This has been going on for decades and many are unaware of the results and the damages animal testing can cause. Animals undergo a lot of stress and pain when they are put through experimentations. Many have debated that it is unethical to test on animals while others say it helps to protect the safety of humans. In my opinion, animal testing is cruel and should be made illegal. Their lives are just as important as human lives and should not be treated as experimental animals. The system of an animal differs from the human system, therefore even if a tested product did not harm the animal, it may or may not be harmful to humans. Hence, our body system reactions differ from the bodies of an animal. It has been scientifically proven that 90% of the animals being tested in labs results in death while only a handful of animal experiments are successful. There are multiple alternative methods rather than forcefully harming innocent animals. I will explore how animal testing can affect the health of the animals and if there is possibly a better alternative rather than testing on animals.

Malathion is an insecticide used on crops, residential areas, pet flea and tick collars and even in lice shampoo to control insects. In the right doses it’s generally harmless; however, being a toxin is never risk-free. There are many possible health issues that exposure can bring. Respiratory problems and nervous system issues are a few serious ones. More basic effects can be irritation, nausea and rashes.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) statistics records the use of roughly 26 million animals per year for animal testing. These test reports in many cases are poor. Although animals were greatly used in the past the effects of treatments on animals and humans can’t be compared. The human body, reactions to toxins, and usefulness of treatments is different because we are different, “While animal’s maybe ‘whole models,’ states Dr. Aysha Akhtar, MD,” they are the wrong whole model because of interspecies differences.” Testing animals for human treatments should not continue to be practiced.

Conducting a risk assessment for malathion would begin by planning. The first step in thisprocess would be to see who and what are at risk. We would also look at what areas are at risk.This would then be further broken down to more specific groups, such as adults , children, teens,and pregnant women. Looking deeper at who would be affected we would next look at the highlysusceptible subgroups. This would be people with asthma or genetic problems, and those with ahigher exposer based on geographical area than others. We would then begin looking at theenvironmental hazard of malathion. An example of what we would be looking for then would bethe cumulative risk of chemicals. Would this effect microbiological or biological beings, or willthis effect

Discussion: Ms.Kisela reported that Malachi behavior is stable at home and in school. She reported that she has been unable to schedule Malachi EKG because of Logistic care unreliability. Ms. Kisela (Grandmother) stated that no changes in medication. Malachi continues to excel academically, he has acquired a lot of awards as a result.

The reason why people test the product is to make sure that the product is safe for humans to use. However, over 92% of products are safely made, and it is rather hurting the animals because it was not made for animals to use. Also,

It also includes protocols that cause severe suffering. What happens is long-term effects, social isolation, electric shocks, withholding their food and water, or repeated breeding. In toxicity testing animals receive the poison daily for two weeks, with no recovery period. They do this to see how toxic it will be to humans. (article 4)

(Summary) Abbott’s article “More than a cosmetic change” are evidences and examples that support her claim that putting a halt on using animals for toxicology testing will make a clear path towards better science. She summarizes why the use of animals in toxicology testing is awful by giving evidence of how many animals were killed, how much it cost to do these test, how accurate were these test, and the time it takes for the chemical to be labeled safe. However, Abbott points out the European commission who established a rule called REACH to lower the amount of animals used in testing, and she also puts evidence of what the ECVAM did that drastically decreased the number of animals used for testing in European industries. She concludes her

Some research animals are subjected to toxic substances and painful procedures until they are disabled or die, as when determining the lethal dose of radiation used in cancer therapy. Some are killed to obtain an essential organ, such as the liver, to be used in further studies. Others are anesthetized, subjected to an experimental procedure, and killed without regaining consciousness. Animals are used extensively in testing the safety and efficacy of compounds produced by the chemical, cosmetic, and drug industries. Commonly used tests include those for acute toxicity, eye and skin irritation, repeated-dose chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, mutagenicity, and biological screening. (National, R. C. S. 1988, p.

The use of non-animal based safety tests is generally more relevant to humans as animal

Children are susceptible to a different range of health risk than adults. Children willshow a lack of energy (lethargy), seizures, excessive salivation, muscle weakness, and inextreme cases induced coma’s. Dose response assessment-following some studies of adults being exposed to differentlevels of the chemical malathion, this is what was found in a case study. The enzymecholinesterase that helps primarily with the nervous system of humans was observed for obviouschanges when exposed to this chemical. Five volunteers ingested 16mg/day of the chemical for47 days straight and there were no observed loss of cholinesterase. When the dosage increased to24mg/day for 56 days, after two weeks the subjects displayed a reduced level of cholinesterase.A maximum reduction of 25% was observed after just three weeks into the study.A second study gave four volunteers inhaled samples of malathion of 5.3, 21, or 85mg/m3for one hour, two exposures per day for 42 days. Subjects reported nasal and eye irritation at

Since the fourth-century, animal testing has contributed to significant improvement in the length and quality of human lives. Nevertheless, it causes many damages to the animals and surrounded. To reduce the harmful effects of animal testing, The National Advisory Committee for Laboratory Animal Research (NACLAR) set out the international guidelines for the usage of animals for research and scientific purposes. In addition to the harmful effects of animal testing on animals and environment, animal testing is considered unbeneficial to humans. Animals are very different from humans. They have different genes, different proteins, and different metabolic pathways. Therefore, drugs that may be effective in animals may not be safe or effective

Have you ever wondered about what a product or a medicine goes through before it gets to us on the store shelves? Products from deodorant to Viagra to weed killer go through years of tests before a regulating body decides they are safe for us to use. The FDA approves drugs and cosmetics and he EPA regulates chemicals that are used and may be harmful to the environment. However before these products are even considered by these regulatory bodies they must go through years of testing. Testing that is unfortunately done on defenseless animals. Each year 50 to 100 million vertebrate animals, such as mice, rats, rabbits, cats and dogs are used in experiments to test products such as medicines, lipstick, household cleaners and pesticides.