Marketing On Christmas Gift Exchange And Asymmetrical Business Relations By Jeannette Lemmergaard, And Sara Louise Muhr

The psychology of projection and engagement relates itself to the gift economy because it serves a foundation in the creation of a relationship. Lethem introduces the concept of

This paper will argue that the Native cultures had significant differences between them, as well as differences with the European colonists. Europeans also greatly differed in their encounters with, and treatment of these Native Americans.

The anthropology of gifts has been mostly studied in the context of non-Western cultures. The important roles of gift giving were highlighted by classical anthropologists such as Malinowski, Mauss and Levi-Strauss. They stressed the significance of reciprocity and obligation suggested in gift exchange and that gift giving is a one practice of material expression that integrates a society.

The French relationship with First Nations has been a dominate factor in Canadian history. Their successful means in establishing such relations led them to great achievements and downfalls. This relationship was successfully earned by the French for a variety of reasons. One, the First Nations, already in awe of European culture, were eager to trade due to their further fascination of European items (232). More specifically, they desired basic European goods such as “…knives, hatchets, kettles, beads, cloth and, eventually, the firearms of the French (5). Unlike the English, the French seized greater advantage of First Nations cooperation by demonstrating acts of tolerance and respect (8). The efforts of Samuel de Champlain, who formed “The Order of Good Cheer” to increase friendly relations, highlights this sentiment (1.3). To further impress them, the French utilized the practice of gift giving, a tradition they discovered in Brazil (1.3). One other essential factor in establishing relations was partly due to intermarriages between both

The 1976 documentary film Ongka’s Big Moka is a prime example to explicate the resemblance of gift economy and creditor-debtor relationship with regard to interest. Moka is a ritual of gifting in tribes of the Mount Hagen area in Papua New Guinea. Pigs as well as other live stocks, cassowaries, scarce pearl shells, and as the modern civilization gradually penetrates into the tribes, cash and automobiles are given away at the ceremony. Giving away food and gifts is translated to status and rank. The greater the value of the gifts and the scale of the feast are, the greater the power it brings to the host of the moka. The receiving tribe tries to repay the gift to recover its prestige by hosting another moka with more generous gifts and a more

Although the Indians had many admirable talents, the Europeans respect for the natives was microscopic. Europeans from different parts of the world had conflicting viewpoints of how Indians should be treated. In the, “Native

European vs. Native concepts of purpose of trade: Europeans saw trade mostly as an exchange of goods that often helped both parties as well as creating beneficial friendly relationships with each other. Trade for Native Americans; however, was meant to continue the reliance of communities and individuals on each other along with a proper balance between

Certain aspects of how the French approached the Natives upon arrival to The New World seemed to produce superior conditions for the French colonizers. For example, the French seemed to find a “middle ground” with the Natives, so to speak. Rather than the English had done prior, in which they seemed to shove religion down the throats of the Native Americans, the French seemed to ease the transition with offerings such as giving Natives improved prices on goods upon allowing Jesuits to live among the tribes. Even if members of the tribes refused, the French seemed to have greater interest in becoming allies rather than persecuting the Native Americans. With this mutual respect, trading between both parties seemed to flow smoother. Tribes, such

While trade and exchange between the two worlds was essential to the existence of both Europeans and the Native Americans, it was the unforeseen circumstances and unseen biology that inevitably doomed the population of the Native American tribes. What was a source of commerce and trade was also a source of “misunderstanding and mistrust”. (1)

For instance, the fur trade had a huge impact in the relationships between French and Algonquians because “gifts created peace and a sort of conditional friendship between potentially hostile persons or groups” (White). People usually remember only one aspect of the peaceful relationship between Europeans and Indians, and it is the fact that the Europeans tried to understand and assimilate the customs of Native Americans - and not this opposite. However, contrary to the common knowledge, some specific Native Nations – such as the Cherokee Nation – tried to assimilate and adapt to the way of life of white people to incorporate the white society, but they were still victim of racism and unlawful practices.

Before 1492 many North American Indian societies got their source of nutrition through hunting, or farming. Exchanging goods and services with other societies was the most common way of expanding consumption possibilities. Goods were exchanged mainly through trade which was one of the biggest factors in bringing Native American peoples into contact with one another. As tribes established permanent settlements, many of these settlements became well known for specific products or skills. This elaborate trading system set a steady base for the economy of Indian societies.

In seventeenth-century Louisiana, “At first, given the scanty and erratic supply of trade goods from France, Louisiana officials relied on distribution of merchandise among Indian leaders in the form of annual gifts. In doing so, they accommodated by necessity to Indian protocols of trade and diplomacy.” The Indians were happy to trade with the French since they had a peaceful

Hickerson (1973) stated that “trade had the twin functions of providing communities with useful goods that they lacked and of reinforcing social and territorial relations among neighboring groups” (p. 19). Essentially, Indigenous communities exchanged their surplus goods for the surplus goods of another

Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, the fur trade and fur trading industry was at its height. There were many fur trade companies in most civilized regions of North America.One major compnents of the fur trade was the hunters or trappers, which many of were Native Americans. Since Europeans came to America, there had been constant interactions with Native Americans, both peaceful and violent. Native Americans, Europeans and American settlers could benefit from one another, leading to an extensive style of interactions of any kind. These topics are thoroughly discussed in Michael Punke’s, The Revenant, and Shirley Christian’s, Before Lewis and Clark. In both novels, settlers endure hardships with Native-Americans, and in some instances agreements

Holidays have always been known to affect our consumer culture for many years, but how it all began eludes many people and very few studies have been completed on it. Even though some say that the subject is too broad to precisely identify how holidays, especially Christmas, directly affect our market, I have found that people’s values, expectations and rituals related to holidays can cause an excessive amount of spending among our society. Most people are unaware that over the centuries holidays have become such a profitable time of year for industries that they now starting to promote gift ideas on an average of a month and a half ahead of actual holiday dates to meet consumer demands.