Maternal Behavior Of Ewe Sensing An Environmental Threat Changes

By this, the babies are closer to their mom, avoiding predators hence increases their chances of survival.

This led to further experimenting with other monkeys and the absence of a comforting mother and just having a wire mother. The monkeys with a comforting mother would be able to calm themselves by clinging to the mother and having a safe place, while the monkeys without a cloth mother would just throw themselves on the ground and cry in distress (Kozlow, 2012). This shows that not only do infants need a mother for nutrition, but also it is very important for an infant to have a nurturing mother to be their emotional

In the first third of our course we studied the intense, complex relationship a mother has with her offspring. In order to fully understand this bond, three concepts must be understood: the emotional nature, the adaptive strategy, as well as the relationship's pros and cons. However, for the purpose of this paper, I will be focusing on the mother-infant relationship as an adaptive strategy primates developed, with emphasis on attachment theory.

Dog: Once the test began with the dog approaching the child he did not react violently as he did with the rabbit. He did not start crying until the dog walked away. When the dog approached the child the second time he leaned to one side and started crying (Watson J. B., & Rayner, R.,

In this different group of primates is been observed that tarsiers are involved in infanticide to. There are many explanations that have been discussed to explain this behavior. One of them is that some organisms recurred to kill infants for nutritive purposes. Another factor is that some animals will the new born just to eliminate the completion for food u other resources. Scientist also explains that male tarsiers will engage in infanticide to gain reproductive advantages killing babies that are not related to them. Doing this, male tarsiers increase their probability of getting the female pregnant, because, while the female is nursing its new born, they cannot get pregnant, nursing is a natural contraceptive in some animals. Is been observed

Harry Harlow’s thorough research on the connection between maternal comfort and rhesus monkeys provides information and knowledge to the reader as an insight into our social and emotional development. In this article, Harlow uses experimental observation of mental and emotional associations of the affectionate ties between the child and the mother. As Harlow says, this is “an instinct incapable of analysis”.

attention from their mother. The resistant type of infant tends to stay close to their mother

One cause of this relationship is because stress hormones, passed to the fetus from the mother, impede on blood flow filled with oxygen and nutrients to the large muscles (Shaffer & Kipp, 2014). This takes away crucial supplies for the fetus to use during development. In addition, Prenatal Maternal Stress (PNMS) leads to shorter gestation periods, lower birth weight, and smaller head circumference. Project Ice Storm, a study on an isolated disaster and subsequent birth outcomes, illustrates this relationship. An ice storm in Canada’s St. Lawrence River Valley in 1998 caused numerous damages, fires, and deaths. The researchers addressed pregnant mothers’ distress from this catastrophic event and then analyzed the physical measures of the children. Through statistical analysis, the study demonstrates that gestational age was shortest when stress was exposed during the first and second trimester. This gestational age explained 42.6% of the difference in birth weight and 29.6% of the difference in head circumference between stress exposed and non-exposed children (Dancause et al., 2011). This study illustrates the direct correlation between a stressful event experienced by mothers and the health of the baby. Shorter gestation periods play a significant role in lower birth weight and head circumference that hinders the infant’s health. Prenatal

To best comprehend human life from conception to death, it is important to have an understanding of the foundations of human development. A persons’ origin and obstacles endured during early life are important building blocks that shape where they are headed. This key factor better allows therapists to assist in helping an individual learn and obtain a better grasp on their developing lifespan from beginning to end. The focus for this paper will deal with the relationship between the pregnant mother and her fetus. It will be a reflection on how she responds to life stressors and how they can help or hinder the prenatal development of the fetus in the womb and thereafter.

Humans act as a strong evolutionary force that can cause more rapid selection than predators or the environment. Past research has concentrated on human selection of morphological traits , but little is known about the human influence on behaviors in wild populations. To see how human hunting effects elk anti-predator behavior, researchers tracked elk movement over four years. Researchers predicted that fast moving, bold elk were more likely to be harvested than shy, slow elk. In Alberta, Canada, researchers attached GPS collars to 45 two-year-old bulls and 77 cows ranging from 2 to 19 years old. They recorded elk location every 2 hours and used distance travelled to infer step length. Elk that spent time in open areas, near roads, and smooth

The anterior teats of a sow are generally preferred by piglets. On average, anterior teats yield more colostrum which contain the antibodies needed to protect the newborn piglets from disease (Fraser and Lin, 1983). Because colostrum is only produced by the sow for 24-48 hours and the concentration of immunoglobulins decreases after birth, it is important for piglets to suckle and obtain as much colostrum as possible (Wennberg, 2012). Previous studies have shown that piglets suckling from anterior teats have greater chances of survival as well as larger weight gains (Orijuela and Solano, 1995). A problem, however, is that with only a few anterior teats, there is competition between littermates for the better teats. With competition present, the piglets rely on certain advantageous traits that make them better able to compete for the better teat.

Understanding the basic functions and mechanisms that play a role in mother-pup recognition, it may become possible to further understand similar social relationships within this species such as aggressive and territorial displays, foraging and living patterns, or even mating behaviors and sexual selection. It is clear that individual recognition is beneficial for both mother and offspring during the first few years of parental care, however the ability for these skills to persist into adulthood may also be driven by an evolutionary force. The ability for adult Pinnipeds to recognize and distinguish between related and nonrelated members holds many benefits. Clearly this species has evolved under strong selective pressures to retain the mechanisms of individual recognition that come about during the first few years of life. Regardless of the benefits, the ability to discriminate related members from non-related members is an example of higher cognitive abilities. Pinnipeds share similar social structures and living styles that

Human-animal interaction (HAI) is a concept that has been around since the beginning; ever since man knew what animals were. We have interacted in so many ways with animals - ranging from hunting as a resource to observing in the wild, and from holding in captivity as a means of labor to domesticating for companionship. Throughout these centuries of interactions, it's become abundantly clear as to what these encounters do for us as far as productivity/research/ entertainment/companionship, but it's never been completely clear as to what our presence and encounters do to them - more specifically, what does it do to them psychologically and behaviorally? The word interaction is key, and it's important to note what an interaction means: both individuals affect each other- “... both human and animal are active and reactive during an interaction, independent of who is the initiator” (Eddie A.M. Bokkers, 31). So, what does this mean for animal development? An animal’s psychological development (just like humans) is most influenced at a very young age, but behavioral development (though still very impressionable at a young age) can be influenced at virtually any point in their life. This, in regards to the influence of human interaction, means that it influences these two branches of development through positive and negative stimulants that allow a psychological learning adaptation to take place, prompting a behavioral action.

animal behaviour when it supports his arguments. However, it is in fact difficult to judge the causes for animal distress based on their reaction (i.e. writhing, facial contortions, moaning, and yelping) as these reactions may not be based on a cognitive awareness but on a self‐preservation instinct. Singer and we can only hypothesize what an animal might be feeling, not make categorical arguments as Singer has done.

The mother carrying a baby has a responsibility to ensure enough nutrition is supplied for the rapid growth of the organism. However it is also crucial that the fetus also plays a part to survive, by being active and moving to develop. Hamburger, 1975 illustration of fetal activity (as cited in The Development of Children, 2nd ed. p.87.) indicates that fetal