Morphine: Anagesic And Narcotic Analysis

Crack cocaine has been popular since the 1970s and mid 1980s. Crack cocaine is not a new drug; this drug is obtained from coca plant which grows mainly in South America. For many years, the native South American Indians chewed its leaves to develop strength and increased energy. By the 1800s, the cocaine was secluded from its leaves and used as a medicinal drug. By the late 1800s, it was used as an anesthetic and to avert surgical hemorrhage. The next century, people recognized crack cocaine an addictive narcotic and its non-medical use of the drug was ended by the Harrison Narcotics Act in 1914 (“How crack cocaine works?”).

Cocaine is a naturally occurring substance deriving from the Erythroxylum coca plant. The coca plant is autogenous to Indonesia, South America, Mexico and the West Indies. Historically, many cultures have utilized coca leaves for religious and ceremonial applications. Cocaine itself remains prevalent in literary and artist works of many cultures and continues to be represented in archeological finds around the world. In South America the leaves were often chewed to help the indigenous tribes overcome hunger. To many other civilizations it was considered a sacred gift from the gods. Cocaine was often used as local anesthetic for a plethora of ailments.

Narcotic analgesics, especially morphine are underused for pain control with in the medical field. This underuse is because medical professionals, including doctors, fear patient addiction, side effects and possible lose of their licenses. These fears deny adequate healing and a better quality of life to those who would benefit from a more effective use of these drugs, as done in hospice care.

The coca leaf does not yield the potency to deliver any type of overwhelming effect. The coca leaf in natural form gives the similar effect that a well caffeinated cup of coffee would (Arts and Entertainment Network). It wasn’t until Albert Niemann, a German scientist, extracted and processed the coca leaf ingredients, would it become a potent drug. In 1860, Niemann would rename the results of his extraction, cocaine (Arts and Entertainment Network).

People use drugs, legal and illegal, because their lives are intolerably painful or dull” said Wendell Berry. The same could be said with a toxic organic compound named Morphine. Morphine is white, crystalline and odorless which contain 17 carbon, 19 hydrogen atoms, 1 nitrogen atom and 3 oxygen. (C17H19NO3) Under organic compounds, it’s classified in the “True Alkaloid” group as the nitrogen is organized in a heterocycle and originated from amino acid. Morphine are produced through an extraction from plants like “Papaver Somniferous” then processed or produced synthetically for medication and recreational purposes.

Native Americas seem to have many recreational drugs and seem to have a great time using them. Every tribe uses different drugs and smokes different plants. The main few are Tobacco, Peyote, Coca Leaf, and Salvia. In the article 7 Crazy Native American Drugs , "This drug was apparently so powerful that many tribes saw it as a portal into the world of the Gods.While traditionally used in ceremonies, peyote saw a spike in popularity during the Native American Church movement in the 1800’s." On the other hand the Coca Leaf was not a powerful recreational dug and was used with tea and other drinks on the daily. When we look at modern times we see the use of Marijuana and it has become approved by the US government for recreational use.

Opioid addiction is a condition that is preventable as well as one which individuals display several noticeable risk factors before the actual addiction prognosis to the point of causing death. There is a strong correlation between the early misuse of prescription opioids, which are prescribed for non-cancer pain management, and the development of a dependence on such opioids. Early detection of risk factors such as the misuse of opioids that are prescribed will help indicate that a patient is developing an addiction.1 Physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and other healthcare providers must closely monitor patients and the rate at which opioids are consumed as well as refilled.

Drug use has surrounded us as a species since the stone age. The first references of alcohol were found within ancient Chinese civilizations, which date to roughly 9,000 years ago (McGovern, et al.). The original sources for these alcohols were rice and millet. One of the first surgical anesthetics used was opium. It is believed that some of the first Sumerian clay tablets contained basic prescriptions of opium for pain relief. Many Arabic cultures also used opium for diseases and issues relating to gastrointestinal issues and eye abnormalities (McGovern, et al.). Whether drugs were used for recreational purposes or for medicinal uses is left in the history.

I see that Julia Lurie is trying to blame lobbyists for the opioid epidemic by using a causal chain. She claims that lobbyists convince the politicians to not control the accessibility of opioids, which results in users being able to access the drugs more, thus making lobbyists responsible for the opioid epidemic. I completely disagree with that premise. Maybe the accessibility of opioids has contributed to the problem, but claiming that lobbyists have caused the epidemic is going too far. Just because someone has accessibility to drugs, does not mean they will abuse them. The doctors may supply the drugs, but the people receiving the drugs are the ones that decide whether to abuse

Cocaine is produced from the Coca plants usually found in the mountain climates of Colombia. The first cocaine alkaloid was not achieved until 1855. The cocaine alkaloid was first isolated by a German Chemist Friedrick Gaedcke. Cocaine was first used in the 1880’s as an anesthetic in eye, nose, and throat surgeries because of its capability to provide anesthesia as well as to constrict blood vessels and limit bleeding. Its therapeutic applications are obsolete in this day and age because of the technological advances to produce safer drugs . Cocaine is the most devastating and potent stimulant of the natural realm. In this paper I will be discussing the history of cocaine, the impact in the world, and lastly the

The shrubs and plants from which both drugs are derived from and processed has been well known in Colombia for centuries, but until the 1970s drug refiners and traffickers had not taken full advantage. The chewing of coca

Morphine produces both its therapeutic and its adverse effects by interaction with one or more classes of specific opioid receptors located throughout the body. Opiate drugs have a very powerful positive impact in the medical world. For example, morphine is one of the top best and most powerful drugs that help treat pain, which is what most patients go and complain about to a doctor. Besides from that, many people I have spoken to say that surgery would be disastrous, painful, and overall impossible without drugs such as morphine. As I have mentioned before, morphine helps analgesia, and much more health related problems like, respiratory depression, dysphoria, euphoria, somnolence, diminished gastrointestinal motility, altered circulatory

1Fentanyl is a powerful synthetic opiate analgesic, which has a primary function in managing malignant and non-malignant contractible pain, similar to morphine however it is more potent. This is because fentanyl has an octanol-water partition of 9550 compared to morphine, which has 6. This effectively demonstrates that fentanyl is highly lipid soluble, crossing the blood brain barrier more rapidly. Hence it has a quicker reaction time but at a shorter duration compared to morphine. It is commonly used to treat patients with severe pain or patients experiencing pain after a surgery. Fentanyl can also be used to treat patients with chronic pain that are physically tolerant to opiates. Patients who are not physically tolerant to opiates

An analgesic or most commonly known as, a painkiller, is any group of drugs used to achieve relief from pain by blocking pain signals to the brain without the user losing consciousness. The main class of analgesics is narcotics. Narcotics act centrally throughout the brain; they can be addictive, and dependent. Narcotics are classified as Schedule II/III controlled drugs. These types of analgesics have no ceiling effect. The second class of analgesics is non-narcotic. Non-narcotic unlike narcotics, act peripherally throughout the brain, they also are non-habit forming, but do come with a ceiling effect. The ceiling effect means an increase in dosage does not increase analgesia but does increases side effects. Analgesics include acetaminophen

Morphine can be highly addictive. You will realize that the drug can generally be used safely when taken in small doses as prescribed by the physician. However, when the drug is used in large doses or abused, the user can actually develop a physical and psychological addiction to the drug. When the drug is abused, it normally stimulates the brain’s reward system. This basically motivates the user to abuse the drug more and more. This can lead to tolerance and dependence. Once you have developed dependence to morphine, you will have to keep using the drug from time to time. If you quite taking morphine, you are likely to go through withdrawal as your brains relearns how to function without the drug.