The purpose of this lab is to evaluate the relationship between motor neurons and their associated muscle’s electrical activity via neuromuscular junctions through: determining the correlation between EMG (electromyogram) activity and muscle force, observing muscle fatigue, as well as calculating the conduction velocity associated with the Achilles tendon reflex arc. An additional purpose of this lab is to demonstrate the effects of arm circumference and relative dominance on muscle fatigue. Hypothesis
creates a reflex action to activating neurons to skip the spinal cord and protect your brain. The nerve cells can be categorized by their connections, structure, and neurotransmitters. The structural classification is depending on shape and size of the cell body, its dendritic tree, axon length, and the nature of the connections it makes. The neurons with one, two, or more than two neurites, are unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar respectively. Most of neurons in vertebrate nervous systems are multipolar
Sclerosis is an insidiously developing, adult-onset, progressive anterior horn cell degeneration with associated degeneration of descending motor pathways. Despite increasing clinical and research interest, its cause remains obscure. Although many theories as to its cause have been proposed, no intervention has yet been shown to modify biologically determined motor system degeneration. There is no clear cut neuropathological diagnosis for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Instead, clinicians must
them a striped look. The muscles are considered voluntary, which means that the contractions can be controlled. A skeletal muscle contains bundles of muscle cells. Inside each cell are threadlike myofibrils, which are divided into sarcomeres, the unit of contraction. They are bundled together by connective tissue that extends past it to form tendons. A tendon is a strap of dense connective
muscle response is demonstrated in Figure 1a and 1b. Force of contraction is used to measure the muscle response due to stimulation. In figure 1b, the mean maximum muscle response is calculated by averaging the maximum amplitudes in grams from the 3 single stimuli, then converting force of contraction from gram to Newton using F=ma, where a=9.8m/s2. Above figures show that as the voltage of the stimulus increases, the strength of the twitch increases. The threshold voltage required to produce a twitch
branched, contain a single nucleus, have band-like striations, and are not under conscious control. They have thicker striations, called intercalated discs, where one muscle fiber joins the next fiber. Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is located in the walls of hollow visceral (internal) organs such as the intestines, stomach, urinary bladder, respiratory passages, and blood vessels. They are classified as visceral, nonstriated, involuntary muscles. The muscle fibers contain a single nucleus, no striations
Chapter 9 & 10 Short Answer and Critical Thinking CHAPTER 9 Short answer 15. Name and describe the four functional abilities of muscle that are the basis for muscle response. Contractibility- is the ability to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated. This ability sets muscle apart from other tissue types. Extensibility- is the ability to extend or stretch. Muscle cells shorten when contracting, but they can stretch even beyond their resting length, when relaxed. Elasticity-
Mirror neurons have been one of the most exciting neurological discoveries in recent years. Some researchers have even gone as far as comparing the discovery of mirror neurons to DNA. Mirror neurons may be analogous to other human sensory systems and some believe that mirror neurons represent their own unique sensory system. Mirror neurons fire when a person or animal performs certain activities as well as when they watch another perform the same activity (Winerman, 2005). Basically, they allow animals
also be broking down into two categories which are somatic nervous system and parasympathetic system. On the other hand the central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. (fleming-Mcphillips, 2011) The nervous systems also consist of neurons which are a nerve cell that carries out the functions of the nervous system by sending
condition or function. (1) A major physiological system that works in maintaining homeostasis in animals, specifically humans, is the nervous system. The nervous system consists of a vast network of interconnecting neurons which transmit electronic signals throughout the body. All neurons relay information to