Mount Everest 1996
Abstract
In 1996 two expedition adventure organizations joined operations to climb Mount Everest. Mount Everest is an unpredictable “800 pound gorilla” that demands respect from all that would attempt to achieve a fraternal summit acquisition. The pitfalls that await an assuming prepared expert can turn a well laid out plan into a treacherous and lethal reality. The expedition to reach the summit on May 10th, 1996 is a blue print of the defiant forces of nature and human error.
Two companies joined together to make the journey to the summit of Mount Everest in the spring of 1996. Both companies had expert climbers and guides that had reached the
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The weak points stand out far more now than they did in 1996, way more. The decision that their would be only one person to call all the shots regardless of what anyone else thought was a big sign of possible failure. There did not seem to be any emphasis on customer satisfaction. History is littered with the ruins of countries and people who followed blindly or wrongly without question, discussion, or refusal to agree. No decision was made to have a second in command if the leader became incapacitated. Arrogance had no role in an expedition of this magnitude. Experienced climbers with concerns were stifled and kept their opinions to themselves. The whole idea of recruiting multiple experienced personnel in any organization is to allow them to make the organization better. It was clear that there could only be one alpha dog in this expedition. People who hid the fact that they were too unfit or healthy to make the attempt should have stepped down. Anyone who can not make it on their own becomes a liability. There appeared to be a disregard for the needs of the clients and the climbers who had reservations. The communication devices were either too old or too few to accomplish the task at hand. Even with the limited technology that was used, the application of it would have had to be deployed precisely to achieve appropriate
Rob Hall, a full-time professional climber who climbed Everest four times, was the main director of the Everest climbing service that led Krakauer and a victim of the events of May 1996 (34, 181). Mike Groom, a guide and survivor. Andy Harris, a guide and a victim to Mount Everest. Doug Hansen, a client that was with Hall the day the storm hit. Beck Weathers, a doctor with an appetite for climbing mountains also a survivor. Stuart Hutchinson, a client that had to step in as leader when Hall and the others got stranded on the mountain. Ang Dorje Sherpa, a helper that had refused to fix the ropes for the climbers (187). Jon Krakauer an eager mountain-climber also the narrator and author of the book. Yasuko Namba, group member that got lost on the way down the mountain and unfortunately is left for dead (223). The last person I included, Makalu Gau Ming-Ho was not from this same expedition group but I included him because he had been abandon by his Sherpa and had been rescued by members of Hall and Fischer’s team, he was the leader of the Taiwanese climbing group
The book Into Thin Air, written by Jon Krakauer, explores the struggle of man versus man and man versus nature. The very different personalities proved costly to everyone involved on the expedition. The team of climbers that were hiking toward the summit of Mt. Everest on May 10, 1996, was oblivious to what lay ahead of them. No matter how advanced the hikers were, Everest on this day would test the will and endurance of everyone attempting to reach the summit. The one element that no one person could elude was pain.
In order to continue climbing Everest, many aspects of climbing need to be improved before more people endanger their lives to try and reach the roof of the world. The guides have some areas that need the most reform. During the ascension of Everest the guides made a plethora mistakes that seemed insignificant but only aided in disaster. The guides first mistake is allowing “any bloody idiot [with enough determination] up” Everest (Krakauer 153). By allowing “any bloody idiot” with no climbing experience to try and climb the most challenging mountain in the world, the guides are almost inviting trouble. Having inexperienced climbers decreases the trust a climbing team has in one another, causing an individual approach to climbing the mountain and more reliance on the guides. While this approach appears fine, this fault is seen in addition to another in Scott Fischer’s expedition Mountain Madness. Due to the carefree manner in which the expedition was run, “clients [moved] up and down the mountain independently during the acclimation period, [Fischer] had to make a number of hurried, unplanned excursions between Base Camp and the upper camps when several clients experienced problems and needed to be escorted down,” (154). Two problems present in the Mountain Madness expedition were seen before the summit push: the allowance of inexperienced climbers and an unplanned climbing regime. A third problem that aided disaster was the difference in opinion in regards to the responsibilities of a guide on Everest. One guide “went down alone many hours ahead of the clients” and went “without supplemental oxygen” (318). These three major issues: allowing anyone up the mountain, not having a plan to climb Everest and differences in opinion. All contributed to the disaster on Everest in
On the day of May 10, 1996, several climbers were attempting to descend the slopes of Mount Everest in blizzard conditions: a time at which every moment mattered. Emerging from the pack, two climbers reached the safety of the tents of Camp Four before the majority of their teammates. Anatoli Boukreev and Jon Krakauer recounted the situation of that day in very different ways, but Krakauer seemed to portray Boukreev as an antagonist in his book, Into Thin Air. Boukreev proved in his own book, The Climb, that multiple actions called into question by Krakauer were in fact valuable steps that an experienced climber used in order to rescue clients in need.
The 1996 Everest Disaster, best known as Into Thin Air by Jon Krakauer. The basis for “Into Thin Air”, are not without controversy. Krakauer also wrote of inexperienced clients, competition among commercial guide outfits and communication failures. Everest has gone from being the ultimate challenge for the most-skilled mountaineers to a bucket list item for adventure seekers. Commercial guiding expeditions have led to many deaths and pollution of the Mountain.
This novel takes you from the base of Everest to the summit and then back down again. Each camp and elevation brings new people and challenges. Jon Krakauer is a journalist recruited to write an article about the commercialisation of Everest, little did he know that the weeks that followed would haunt him forever. Even with experienced guides, Sherpas and climbers an unexpected and violent storm turns a smooth expedition into a chaotic disaster.
1. Relying on the book chapter for perception and decision making, describe the role of the perception biases, “shortcuts”, and errors that the climbers — as individuals and as a group— made during the 1996 expedition to Mount Everest. Describe at least 5. How these biases, “shortcuts,” and errors did contribute to the tragedy?
Everest, just as in any organisation, these interactive factors determine the failure or success of a company. Leadership style and behaviour play critical roles, so does the team decision making process, and the ability of the group to work confidently together as a team contributes to the individual quota of expertise toward a common goal. Our team made a concrete plan from the outset on how to assault the Mt. Everest simulation and shared vital information held by individual members. As I held onto my phone handset, I could hear the team chatting in a relaxed manner despite knowing there was a mammoth task ahead. I sensed high energy, a friendly atmosphere, a strong relationship among the team members, a team camaraderie and connection which are essential elements affiliated to highly effective teams.
The article Asian American Mental Health: What We Know And What We Don't Know by Stanley Sue was about Asian Americans and how they deal with their mental health. There are about 4% of Asians in the United States and because of this small percentage; it is hard for researchers to find people to help conclude their studies. What some have found out is that Asian Americans are offered mental health services but rarely use it. They find other ways such as asking their family for help or making an herbal remedy to help with their sickness. A researcher named Kuo has studies that show Asians are more depressed than Caucasians. According to a researcher named Leong the high depression rate is because Asians have problems with adjusting. I think what these researchers have studied is a great topic but it just needs more information. According to the article since it is such a low population of Asians in America it is hard to find people to do the research on. I think if they keep looking they can get more information about this topic.
The case of Mt. Everest focuses on two commercial expeditions, Adventure Consultants and Mountain Madness, and the tragic event on May 10, 1996. These two commercial expeditions were lead by Rob Hall and Scott Fischer, and were consisted of 20 members. Both leaders were experienced climbers, but due to several factors, the expedition resulted into five deaths including Hall and Fischer. The event has thought managers to evaluate the importance of leadership together with its internal and external factors that managers should consider to survive in the high risk business world.
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Our mission is to make collective decisions with the participation of all team members, solve short-term and long-term problems effectively, and balance competing pressures to ascend to the summit of Mount Everest while avoiding rescue. Our goal is to discuss personal goals with each other and collectively make the best decision for the benefit of the overall team success to reach the summit of Mount Everest by staying in five camps in six days, avoiding medical problems, and avoiding rescue. The team will only make final decisions after all ideas have been equally evaluated.