New Superconductors: Advances, Issues, Limitations Report by Amber Taylor CHME 5699 Dr. Laura

Nivaldo J. Chemistry: A Molecular Approach. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2013. Print.

Chemistry Central Journal 7.1 (2013): 1-11. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 Feb. 2015. Osser, Edek. "

There are 3 types of metals for electricity conducting: metallic conductor, semiconductor, and superconductor. Metallic conductors allow the free flow of ions and electrons through a sample; and its conductivity decreases as the temperature increases.

and a much lower superconducting transition temperature TC relative to the β phase: ca. 0.015 K vs. 1–4 K; mixing the two phases allows obtaining intermediate TC values. The TC value can also be raised by alloying tungsten with another metal . Such tungsten alloys are sometimes used in low-temperature superconducting circuits.

Chapter 4 discusses parallel computing and how to utilize parallel computing methods efficiently to study reaction mechanisms. The architecture of a computer cluster and architecture of GPUs are described very briefly. Methods to parallelize molecular dynamics simulations and methods to parallelize two electrons integrals for computation of electronic structure calculations are also described. Finally, the FEARCF algorithm, and using embarrassingly parallel methods to simulate reactions used is also

Olmsted, John III; Williams, Greg; Burk, Robert C. Chemistry, 1st Canadian ed.; John Wiley and Sons Ltd: Mississauga, Canada, 2010, pp 399 - 406

Superjail is a cartoon set inside the confines of a prison that seems to be infinite in size. This prison’s warden is an unusual, and psychotic individual. The warden’s father previously owned the prison, and at the time it was similar to a bland factory mill. The warden’s father showed no love, and cared more about making money than he did for his son. The warden’s

Metals have a giant metallic lattice, this is described as electrons being close packed together, known as a sea of positive delocalised electrons. A strong delocalised electron means that they are a good conductor of electricity and can pass kinetic energy to each other. The electrons have a strong electrostatic attraction, meaning they have a high melting point and the more electrons the higher the melting point

However, their molar refractivity has to be maximized simultaneously in order to obtain a viable HRI material. The molar refractivity depends on the polarizability of the elements and moieties comprising the compound of interest (see Table 1).23–26 The fact that carbon has only a modest atomic polarizability results in the low RI values of typical carbon-based polymers. Highly polarizable heteroatoms and substituents (e.g., sulfur, phosphorus, bromine, iodine) can significantly improve the RI of the corresponding polymers. Hydrogen and strongly electronegative elements (such as oxygen and fluorine) have a low polarizability and consequently exhibit the inverse effect. A number of HRI polymers containing high mass fractions of RI-promoting elements

Scientists Eun-Seong Kim and Moses Chan of Penn State believe they have created a new state of matter, the supersolid. The supersolid has all of the properties of a crystalline solid, but it behaves like a superfluid. In their experiments, Kim and Chan used both helium-4 and helium-3. Because it is comprised of borons, they utilized helium-4 first. In order to create the supersolid, Kim and Chan compressed helium-4 gas into a glass disk with exceedingly small pores. They then placed the disk in a capsule and applied a pressure of more than 60 atmospheres. After, they rotated the capsule and cooled it to a few degrees above absolute zero. When it was cooled to about 0.175 ℃ above absolute zero, the disk started spinning much faster.

1. Girolmi, G.S.; Rauchfuss, T.B.; Angelici, R.J. Synthesis and Technique in Inorganic Chemistry: A Laboratory Manual. University Science Books, 1999.

In 1911, superconductivity was first studied by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, a Dutch physicist. He studied this by using liquid helium and mercury and cooling it to a specific temperature (Behavior; Where’s). When Onnes first discovered superconductivity he called it supraconductivity. using extremely cold mercury, Onnes discovered that materials turn into superconductors when they are held at very low temperatures. This means that when electric currents are applied, there is basically no resistance. In 1913, Onnes was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in this field. Because of Onnes discovery, superconductors are now used all over the world. They are used in hospitals, in magnetic resonance

We see that at sufficiently low temperatures such that thermal energy cannot break the cooper pairs, these pairs tunnel from one superconducting electrode to another, even in the absence of biasing voltage. IJ = Io sin(δ) 1.2. JOSEPHSON EFFECT 3 Where IJ : supercurrent, Io : critical current, h 2e φo = Where, φo is the quanta of flux. δ = φL − φR

In the early 1900's a duch physicist by the name of Heike Kammerlingh Onnes (pictured above), discovered superconductivity. Before his discovery, Onnes had spent most of his scientific career studying extreme cold. The first step he took toward superconductivity was on July 10, 1908 when he liquified helium and cooled it to an astonishing 4 K, which is roughly the temperature of the background radiation in open space. Using this liquid helium, Onnes began experimenting with other materials and their properties when subjected to intense cold. In 1911, he began his research on the electrical properties of these same materials. It was known to Onnes that as materials, particularly metals, cooled, they exhibited less and less resistance. Bringing a mercury wire to as close to absolute zero as possible, Onnes observed that as the temperature dropped, so to did the resistance, until 4.2 K was reached. There resistance vanished and current flowed through the wire unhindered. Below is an approximate graph displaying resistance as a function of temperature for the experiment Onnes conducted with mercury:

Now that the continuous standard Galerkin solution over a quasi-uniform mesh may oscillate as $\epsilon \to 0$. An alternative tool will be a discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method where the oscillation can be avoided provided that an appropriate mesh refinement is applied, to capture the boundary layer behavior. The origins of the DG methods can be traced back to the seventies where they had been proposed as variational methods for numerically solving initial-value problems and transport problems. It is well known that the DG methods, in particular the local DG (LDG) method \cite{210}, are highly stable and effective for convection diffusion problems \cite{211}. Whereas, the main feature of the