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Nicotine Interdependence Essay

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This instrument provided a direct measure of the carbon monoxide in parts per million (CO ppm). The MINI is a short structured diagnostic interview for researchers to accurately determine the presence of any psychiatric disorders according to DSM-IV or ICD-10 [31, 32]. It was administered in either English or in the Malay language, according to the patient’s preference and main spoken language. Previous research has shown that 39.4% of smokers failed to meet the DSM-IV-TR criteria for nicotine dependence [33]. Hence, the FTND-M was used to assess the nicotine dependence among schizophrenia patients in this study. This easy-to-use self-report questionnaire is noninvasive, low-cost, and easy to score and has good validity and reliability for determining nicotine dependence among the smokers [30]. In our study, the patients were categorized as nicotine dependent if they had a score of more than two of that on the FTND-M [30]. Furthermore, all the …show more content…

Differences between nicotine dependence and nonnicotine dependence on categorical variables were tested using either the chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test. To examine the relationship between nicotine dependence and psychopathology (PANSS), multivariate general linear model approach was used, with covaried gender, ethnicity, use of atypical antipsychotic medication, and comorbid use of illicit drug or alcohol, with familywise error multiple testing corrections where appropriate. A bootstrap analysis was conducted, using Preacher and Hayes’ indirect macro for SPSS, to examine the indirect effect of nicotine dependence (independent variable) and psychopathology (dependent variable). For each analysis, 1000 random samples of the original size were taken from the obtained data, replacing each value as it was sampled. Statistical significance was evaluated at

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