Operant Conditioning Is A Common Strategy Essay

Classical conditioning is defined as a neutral stimulus being paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response. These are events that happen in the everyday world and we predict them to happen, anticipating what’s to come next. Pavlov’s dogs have been served as an infamous example of classical conditioning, as they would salivate when he opened the door to feed them. My example is not of with Pavlov’s dogs, but of my own. Although, my dog is very playful and has a plethora of toys. Using his toys, usually come in handy when trying to

1. Operant conditioning is a type of behavioral learning developed by made famous by psychoanalysis B.F. Skinner in the late 1930’s. Operant conditioning is the act of learned behavior through consequences. Types of operant conditioning are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment.

Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.

Our understanding of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning has allowed us to unlock many of the answers we sought to learn about human behavior. Classical conditioning is a technique of behavioral training, coined by Ivan Pavlov, which basically states that an organism learns through establishing associations between different events and stimuli. This helps us understand human behavior in an assortment of ways. It makes it clear that almost everything we do is based on patterns of stimulus and response. For example, if you were bitten aggressively by a dog as a child, you may be still scared of dogs today. That is because the dog caused you pain, which in turn caused you have anxiety towards dogs.

Operant conditioning is a theory that was pioneered by Skinner, and it is a theory that is based on the type of consequence that is given following a particular behaviour. Skinner divided the consequences of actions into three groups, positive rein forcers, negative reinforcers and punishers. Skinner looked at what would happen to behaviour if giving positive reinforcers at different intervals. Most professionals and practitioners will use this theory in one way or another such as giving rewards for good behaviour or sanctions for bad behaviour so the theory is well used in today’s frameworks and practices.

Operant conditioning refers to the method of learning to occur through rewards and punishment for behavior (Staddon & Cerutti 2002). In the operant condition, an association occurs between the behavior and the consequences of the behavior. Behaviorist B.F Skinner coined operant conditioning, and that is why some refer to it as Skinnerian conditioning. Skinner started studying operant conditioning in the late 1920s when he was a graduate student at Harvard University. As a behaviorist B.F Skinner believes that it was obligatory to look at the internal thoughts and motivation so as to explain behavior (Staddon & Cerutti 2002). As an alternative, he did suggest that we should look only at the external and observable causes of human behavior. The characteristics of operant conditioning are that an organism may emit a particular response instead of just eliciting the response because of the external stimulus. Skinner did use the term operant in referring to any active behavior that operates on the environment so as to generate consequences (Doyle-Portillo & Pastorino 2013).

Operant Conditioning which was created by B.F Skinner, examines the use of positive reinforcement and punishment, as well as the use of negative reinforcement and punishment to increase a desired behaviour and to decrease a undesirable one. Operant Conditioning is often used in child rearing techniques and many individuals use it without any knowledge of the theory as it is often modelled and taught to them by another adult in their lifetime. Meanwhile, Classical Conditioning by Ivan Pavlov must be intentional if you are trying to use it on another person. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, after the pairing is completed the unconditioned stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus which is associated with the neutral stimulus, i.e after the dog food and the bell were paired for the hungry dog, Pavlov’s dog would salivate at the sound of the bell without the dog food being

Classical conditioning (CC) is a form of learning in which the subject associates a behavior with a certain stimuli. The theory of classical conditioning has been studied by many behavioral psychologists who believe that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. CC was first observed by Ivan Pavlov and his observation of dogs salivating in response to the arrival of food. Pavlov is well known for training the dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. The implications for Pavlov’s findings are significant as they can be applied to many animals, including humans (Jarius, et al., 2015). John Watson a behaviorist, used Pavlov’s findings to further study the human relationship between environmental cues and behavior. The study of CC is an

In Operant Conditioning there is something called reinforcements and something called a punishment. A reinforcer is “Any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it.” (Schacter, pg.218) An example of a reinforcer would be, giving a puppy a treat every time they shake your hand when you look at them and say “paw” with your hand sticking out. The treat is the reinforcer, because the treat is what’s increasing the likelihood of the puppy shake your hand after you demand it to “paw.” A Punisher in operant conditioning is, ‘’ any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it.” (Schacter, pg.218) An example of a punisher while trying to teach a puppy a new

Operant conditioning developed by Skinner is one of the learning methods according to which the likelihood of behavior is increased or decreased by the use of reinforcement or punishment. In case of positive reinforcement a certain behavior becomes stronger by the effect of experiencing some positive condition. In case of negative reinforcement a certain behavior becomes stronger by the outcome of stopping or staying away from some negative condition. In case of extinction a certain behavior is becomes weaker by the outcome of avoiding to experiencing some positive condition or stopping some negative condition.

Question 2) Identify 2 behaviors the child learned through operant conditioning. Be specific about the operant principles involved in the child’s process of learning each new behavior.

operant behavior and because of the emphasis on the response it is called type R and also called operant conditioning. In type R conditioning, the strength of conditioning is shown by response rate, however in Type S conditioning the strength of conditioning is usually determined by the magnitude of the conditioned response. One example I can provide for Type S, on a daily basis, is when I see the mailman entering my building to drop off my mail. I immediately start feeling anxious and sometimes I feel afraid to get the mail, since in past occasions, I have received negative outcomes (career wise) by means of a letter. On another note, and example of how my behavior has been shaped through Type R conditioning is depicted in the following: In the past, I was involved in frequent traffic stops, due to not following or obeying traffic laws. Many times, I would just get a warning, but eventually, I received a traffic citation for rolling a stop sign. From that day forth, and upon receiving my punishment, I decided to be more aware of my driving habits, ensuring that I would not violate any traffic laws. I knew that if I did not change by way of driving (behavior), then I would continue receiving punishment in the form of traffic citations.

Classical and Operant conditioning are behavioral attributes that will ultimately be demonstrated on behalf of the organism being conditioned. Both conditions can be manipulated and learned. The ultimate goal of these two conditions is to identify how and if the organism being tested has the ability to associate, identify and learn a responsive behavior to various

Classical and operant conditioning are terms used in behavior psychology. On the one hand, classical conditioning implicates an unintended behavior and a reaction. This means that in classical conditioning, there is an association between stimuli and a reaction or response (Shultz, 2016). In Classical Conditioning two things must be clear and present, one is a natural relationship must exist between an object or event and a reaction. The second must be the stimulus that elicits the reaction when it is paired with a neutral stimulus, usually after several trials. The learning process in Classical Conditioning occurs when the two stimuli are paired together repeatedly, after enough parings the second becomes conditioned and allows the response to happen. Operant Conditioning is reinforced behavior, the operant response, that is more likely to be repeated. Behavior that is not reinforced or punished either by negative or positive, is less likely to be repeated (Shultz, 2016).

Operant conditioning is one kind of learning process demonstrated by B.F. Skinner that changes the behavior through the use of reinforcement and punishment. A behavior can change as a result of the individual response to stimuli that occur in the environment. According to Staddon and Cerutti (2003), operant behavior described by Skinner as a behavior that “controlled by its consequences is in practice little different from what had previously been termed instrumental learning and what most people would call habit” (p.115). Basically, in this conditioning, the term reinforcement will be used to refer to any event that strengthen the behavior, meanwhile the term punishment used in any event that weaken the behavior. To emphasize, there are two