This paper details the evolution of Army Aviation TTP’s, training, and capabilities through Operation Enduring Freedom. It does this by dissecting Army Aviation in the 1990s in an attempt to establish where Aviation was as a force prior to September 2001. This foundation allows for a comparison of standards accepted at the time and then during the war in Afghanistan. The document then delves into Army Aviation as it evolved throughout OEF to meet the stringent demands of the ground force. In doing so, an analysis of Army Aviation can be attained from over two decades of sustained operations.
Introduction
Where were you on September 11, 2001? This question instantly brings to mind many emotions and memories for Americans citizens. The terrorist
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Enemy fighters would often mask themselves in caves and high ground that gave them survivability over the American technological advantage. Using the same tactics that they successfully employed against the Soviets two decades prior, Taliban combatants mined possible LZs, practiced overrunning LZs being air assaulted, utilized massing fires of small arms and RPGs against helicopters, and liked to stand in close proximity with friendly forces to keep helicopter gunships from firing in fear of fratricide (Baran, 2015). For this reason, fighting conventionally did not work and the tactics shifted to Vietnam style attack support. Some high altitude locations, requiring greater aircraft lift capability, made Apache hovering fire near to impossible. Eliminating the enemy with effective CCA required diving fire techniques in power limited environments. In addition, UH and CH communities flew low level altitudes to avoid detection and more technical weapon systems designed to take out aircraft at high altitudes. In OEF, lift assets had to offset from small arms and RPG fire by flying at higher altitudes. This reduced risk of flying into obstacles, workload, and stress, but also made detecting the enemy harder. Many lift assets had a difficult time adjusting to higher altitudes and some that did became complacent that high altitudes would keep them safe from threats, but that assertion proved deadly too. The better of two evils kept the majority of the lift community flying at higher altitudes then in the 1990s (Baran, 2015). In addition, flying at night was valued and used in OEF more than at any other time in Army Aviation history. Advances and integration of Night Vision Goggles (NVGs), Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR), radar altimeters, and Heads-Up-Display (HUD)
September 11, 2001 (herein referred to as 9/11) was a day in American history, which will be remembered as the most horrific attack on American soil. This attack, carried out by nineteen Islamic extremists, was associated with al-Qaeda, and involved the hijacking of four airplanes. Two of those airplanes were hijacked and flown directly into the World Trade Center in New York City, New York. The third plane’s target was the Pentagon in Washington D.C., and the fourth plane was brought down in Pennsylvania where it is believed the passengers aboard fought the hijackers. This horrific day in history cost over 3,000 people their lives, and was labeled the worst attack on American soil since the attack on Pearl Harbor during World War II.
The Soldiers of Alpha Battery, 80th AAA Battalion adapted to their constant environment and altered their specialty. Once they arrived in Ardennes, the unit’s mission changed from Anti-Aircraft, to supporting ground units with 57mm anti-tank gun. These Soldiers were Anti-Aircraft by trade, but adapted their skills to make an impact where they were the most needed. Modern day Air Defense Artillery adapts much in the same way. The ever changing world calls for new systems, different training, and a higher operational tempo. The Air Defense Artillery branch is always changing and adapting to modern military operations. The 21st of December proved how vital Anti-Aircraft Soldiers were to large combat operations. Their training allowed them to operate the 57mm anti-tank guns which turned out to be vital to stopping the German advance and eventually securing victory in Europe. In today’s military operations the Air Defense Artillery protects vital areas from aerial attack allowing Operation Commanders a location to land troops and supplies. Every battle and war is dependent on a supply route and without a secured supply route, no combat element can secure a victory. The 80th AAA Battalion proved how their adaptability and their support of large combat
September 11, 2001 was not just any ordinary day for the citizens of the United States and the city of New York, but a devastating attack that has put us all in shock and fear. As all of you know, the Tuesday that this country was ambushed and attacked destructively by terrorists, was one of the saddest days America has ever seen. Not only did it affect the people that were in the World Trade Center Towers and the loved ones who unfortunately passed away, but it affected our country as a whole. Scared, devastated, astonished, and surprised are just a few words that begin to describe September 11th. As separate states and people, I can confidently say that America has never been closer together as one than on that
On September 11, 2001, I was seated in my third grade class at the age of eight years old. Every morning we had a “news” station that would automatically come on at 8:30 a.m. called Channel One News, tailored for children. However, after this five minute long news segment ended we started class. I remember commotion in the halls, and my teacher went out to see what was going on. She came back in, and immediately turned on the television that had just recently automatically shut off. There is was, a burning building, at the time I had no clue what was going
Just as our parents and grandparents remember where they were and what they were doing when President John F. Kennedy was shot, so will it be with this generation when asked the same questions pertaining to September 11, 2001. This horrific event will be a scar on the body of our wonderful nation until the end of time. Parents lost children, children lost parents, spouses lost their heartmates – so much anguish and emotional devastation demands that something be done to prevent tragedy like this from occurring in the future. This is why President George W. Bush created the Office of Homeland Security.
Here is a question I ask people from time to time to people after I have a feel for the person, “Where were you on the morning of September 11th, 2001 at 8:46am? Well for me I was just finishing a 3.1-mile run (5K) at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado. For all you none military types of people who have never visited one of America’s amazing cities it is home to the US Navy’s West Coast Special Operations community. And let it be known I was not a Navy SEAL, SWCC (Special Warfare Combatant Craftsmen) Operator or an EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) technician. I worked SEAL Team 5 as part of the support staff. Granted when the Platoon I was assigned to deployed, I was wheels up with the team. As I got back into the locker room at my command I remember looking up at the television and seeing that a plane had just hit the North Tower of the World Trade Center. Now from time to time I would remember hearing about a little single engine plane flying off its course and getting close into Manhattan; so at that moment that is what was going through my head at that exact moment. Well after I got out of the shower at 9:06am I heard that another airplane hit the South Tower. Now being from New Jersey and knowing the travel restrictions that surround New York City; at that exact moment I started to come to the realization that our Nation may be under attack. Well just as I was finished getting dressed and heading to morning formation we found out the
September 11, 2001 is one of the most infamous dates in American history. On this day, 19 radicalized Islamic militants hijacked four United States-based airplanes. Two of the planes were flown into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Thousands of first responders, occupants of the Towers and bystanders were killed or injured. The third plane flew into the Pentagon in Washington D.C. and 125 people were killed. The passengers on the fourth plane revolted and forced the hijackers to crash into a field in Stony Creek, Pennsylvania. A total of 3,000 people were killed and over 6,000 were injured that day (“9/11 Attacks” 1). After the most detrimental terrorist attack in the history of the United States, action needed to
When 9/11/2001 occurred I was sitting in the lunch room at Good Year Elementary School in Brunswick Georgia eating lunch. My classmates and I was talking normally like we always did until one of the lunch monitors told us to be quiet. I didn’t know exactly what was going on at the time. I just knew something serious had just happened. One of my teachers told the class that a plane had hit the Twin Towers. The teachers then turn on the television as all of us watch not exactly understanding what had happen or what the cause of it was. I remember some of the teacher crying while others got on their cells phones trying to contract their families in New York City, but the lines was so busy. That whole day I remember just sitting in class watching
How well could you re-call where you were, what you were doing or what happened on September 11, 2001? I know I can re-call every emotional, fearful and chaotic second of that day, today, 15 years later. Because of the events that took place on that day, “the day that changed America forever” we are still dealing with these unsolved serious issues. Terrorists struck America in the heart of New York, Pennsylvania, The White House, The Pentagon and World Trade Centers’ killing millions of innocent people, land marking “the day that changed America forever.” Aside from the research I have done on this historic event we have all watched it unfold from the starting of day one. The issues on Terrorism and the change it put not only on America,
On September 11th, 2001, a horrific act of terror struck our nation to the core. Fear, devastating and humbling, lodged into our blessed lives. Over 2,800 American civilians were murdered in cold blood when two planes were hijacked and flown directly into the twin towers (Anderson 3). This atrocious event caused the entire country to mourn for its loss, and as American citizens, it is impossible to ignore the destruction of such an event.
September 11, 2001 is a day that no American will ever forget. That day has left a mark on each an everyone of us. That day is commonly known as ‘9/11’ and was the longest day in New York City. Everyone needs to know the dangers of each day, no matter if you see if coming or not. No one on that day know what life changing experience they would go through. Shortly after arriving to work in September 11, 2001, the attacks took place. Flights 11, 77, 93, and 175 were hijacked early in the morning and the crashed occurred shortly after. Not only were the Twin Towers hit that day, but the Pentagon and a field in Pennsylvania were hit. There are many survivors who shared their incredible stories. They addressed what was going throughout their minds
On September 11, 2001, 19 Islamic extremists planned and carried out terrorist attacks against the U.S., murdering about three-thousand innocent American citizens as a result. They specifically targeted the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Virginia, and were planning on attacking the White House as well. The extremists hijacked four planes; two of the planes were flown into the Twin Towers and one plane crashed into the Pentagon. America had not seen such a world changing, eye opening terrorist led event since the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. The terrorist attacks on 9/11 changed and shaped not only America, but the world as a whole. The effects of the attack are still evident in today’s world: socially, economically, and politically.
September 11th 2001, the day that changed America forever. On this day, 3,000 Americans including civilians, police officers, firefighters and paramedics were innocently murdered by al-Qaeda terrorist. Commercial airline planes were used as missiles and flown into the World Trade Center in NY, the Pentagon in the nations capital, and in a open field in Pennsylvania. For America being the most technology advanced nation in the world, along with having the largest, strongest and most advance military, it is hard to understand how these horrific acts of terrorism could have happened on U.S. soil. After the World Trade Center bombings in 1993 and the Oklahoma City bombing at the Murrah building, one would think that we would have learned for
The Aviation Branch of the U.S. Army, as we know it today, did not exist at the turn of the 1800 to 1900 centuries. The military did use a Balloon Corps and Detachment for the Civil and Spanish-American Wars respectfully. However, the Army deactivated both organizations after their usage in the campaigns. These artillery spotters and reconnoiters were helpful. However, the leadership did not see a usage for them outside of war. Therefore, it would take someone understanding the potential of air power to open a door for its peacetime usage. This occurred with the birth of the Signal Corps.
Do you ever have one of those moments in your life in which you will never forget where you were? I remember waking up early on September 11, 2001, getting ready for school and my dad telling me hurry up to watch the news with him. Being in 8th grade at the time, the news really wasn’t something I would watch in the mornings so I knew it had to be something important. Then I saw it. An airplane crashing into a tower, people panicking, and mayhem ensuing in a city very well known to me. When any tragic event like 9/11 occurs, the effect it will have on a nation is tremendous. It left America in shock, anger, and sadness just to name a few adjectives to describe the insurmountable amount of feelings that we felt on that day.