Optimization Of Solvent Assisted Sagd Using Hybrid Optimization Algorithms

With the age of constant industrial and technological growth has come the necessity for not only cost effective and efficient methods for industry, but also the need for obtaining fuel for the machines that make the modern world possible. Oil has become as precious a commodity as gold, if not more so; its attainments constantly driving the world's largest businesses and governments across the world into action. Naturally, a "quick-fix" solution to this problem is constantly sought after by oil companies wishing to provide oil on a massive scale. One of these drilling methods is known as induced hydraulic fracturing (also known as fracking).

Hydraulic fracturing in combination with advancement in directional drilling has made it possible to economically extract oil and gas from unconventional resources. The growth in U.S. oil and gas exploration and production made possible by the increase in use of hydraulic fracturing, has raised concerns about its potential to impact human health and the environment. Concerns have been raised by the public about the effects of hydraulic fracturing on quality and quantity of drinking water resources. The hydraulic fracturing water cycle includes five main activities: the withdrawal of ground or surface water needed for hydraulic fracturing fluids; the mixing of water, chemicals, and proppant on the well pad to create the hydraulic fracturing fluid; the injection of hydraulic fracturing fluids into the well to fracture the formation, the return of injected fluid and water produced from the formation to the surface; and the reuse, treatment and disposal of wastewater generated at the well pad, including produced water (U.S. EPA, 2015). With the water cycle being so massive and prolonged, the presence of potential negative impacts is greatly increased.

In today’s society the issues of producing energy is becoming more and more scare which, constantly posses the question, “How will energy be obtained in order to sustain future generations?” Hydraulic fracturing, informally known as fracking is believed to be an effective alternative to provide us with the energy we need to fuel tomorrow. Hydraulic fracking was first used at Texas Stanolind Oil and Gas Cooperations in 1947. However, it was not until 1949 that The Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Cooperation was given a licensee to use hydraulic fracturing. Since then a combination of two advanced methods have been introduced and incorporated (4). These methods are slick-water hydraulic fracturing and precision drilling of wells. Nevertheless,

The process of the collection of an underground fluid would not be possible without the use of hydraulic fracturing. In the Shale reserves, located about 5,000 feet underground, suffer an extremely low permeability rate. Permeability is the measure of how well a fluid flows through an absorbent material at the depth, and within such nonporous rock, the ability of fluids to travel to the well is greatly limited. Fracturing increases the area of the fluid that is exposed to porous materials and thus greatly increases production. The method of fracturing utilizes a few key components which allow for an economical extraction of resources.

There are great economic opportunity for the province of Alberta as well as satisfying the global need for oil. The oil sands carry with it a lot of ethical and environmental concerns because unlike regular oil that can be pumped direction from the ground, the extraction process have proved to be dangerously hazardous to human, environment, and other biodiversity. The development of this oil sands have also caused great changes to the way of life of First Nations and well as health risks. The process of extraction starts with digging huge amount of sand-bitumen mixture from the earth’s surface and then heating with hot water to separate the sands, bitumen, and other minerals. The bitumen is kept for oil and the slurry mixture of sand, oil, water is then return to the mine. It takes about 2 tons of sands to make 1 barrel of oil and only about 75% of bitumen can be extracted from the sands. In areas where oil sands is too deep for strip mining, a process known as “in situ”, or in place, is used by drilling deep into the ground and releasing hot steam or other heat inducing technology to release the bitumen from the sands which can then be pumped out. The extraction process requires huge amount energy to run heavy machinery and to heating water and steam making the break-even cost of $57 making it much higher Saudi

Hydraulic Fracturing (also commonly known as fracking) is a process used to extract natural gasses deep within the earth. This is done by drilling vertically into the ground until the desired depth; then drilling horizontally; and pumping millions of gallons of water, sand, and other chemicals into the drill at a high pressure to create fissures through which the gas can escape. Currently, hydraulic fracturing is extensively used in the United States in order to access fossil fuel energy deposits which were previously inaccessible. Although fossil fuels can now be accessed easily through this process, there are many health and environmental risks associated with fracking that may make it less than ideal. For instance, fracking can contaminate drinking water, increase air pollution, and leave workers and near-by residents open to many health risks. Although there have been laws and regulations passed to help minimize the risks involved with fracking, an in-depth analysis of the opinions of supporters of fracking and the research behind it will show how fracking needs to be further regulated in order to be safe and effective for everyone. While we do not have to completely stop the use of fracking, improving the fracking process or reforming the current laws and regulations can allow us to receive the economic benefits of fracking, while also being environmentally and health conscious.

Hydraulic fracturing or “fracking” is a process that fractures rock formations in the earth’s surface in order to release hydrocarbons. When these hydrocarbons are released, they flow more freely through the rocks and up to the wellbore, were oil and gas are extracted to (Suchy, 2012). Not all rock formations require a hydraulic fracturing operation to be done because the fluids move freely through rocks that have been naturally fractured. Shale gas reservoirs on the other hand are not permeable and have very few natural fractures; therefore the trapped gas and oil must be extracted by fracking only.

Not all oil is buried deep beneath the earth in crevices that can be exploited by drilling. There are reserves that can be found in shale deposits that are far more difficult to extract. With the rising price of oil and closer we come to reaching peak oil, Hydraulic Fracturing has become a viable option that we can utilize to retrieve both natural gas and oil. During Hydraulic Fracturing a large tube is pushed down into the Earth’s crust just past any aquifers where miniature earthquakes are made to create rivets in the ground to expose the shale. The earthquakes are created by injecting large amounts of fluid into the ground that builds up in the existing voids until they break open. Oil and gas from the surrounding shale flows into

Contrary to popular belief’s Hydraulic Fracturing is not a drilling process .It is the series of steps that are used after the drilling of hole in the ground is completed to create or restore small fractures or opening in the reservoir rock formation .These small fractures or opening in the reservoir are mainly used to extract –petroleum, natural gas ( such as shale gas , tight gas , and coal seam) ,water And natural substances

Close to a third of the crude oil Canada produced from oil sands in 2014 used this technology Steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) [1].SAGD is an in-situ method that is used to extract oil from oil sand reserves. Developed by Roger Butler [2] SAGD is today one of the primary methods used to extract bitumen.

In the United States, there are three types of oil and gas wells; horizontal, directional, and vertical. All three types of wells can be fracked. Horizontal drilling is normally used to drill holes deep into the earth, for the hydraulic fracturing process. Fracturing or “fracking” uses a high pressure water mixture that is injected deep into the ground through pipes to create fractures that release the oil and natural gas from the shale deposits. The gases are directed into wells that have been built for collection. The water mixture includes a water-and-sand makeup of 98 to 99.5 percent and a chemical additive makeup of 0.5 to 2 percent. Some of the mixture pumped in and some of the material broken up, returns to the surface, while some remains underground where it props open the fracture created (ProQuest, 2013). Recovery of the used water is only reported to be one third of the total amount. The

Heat and mass, such as water and solvents, are two key utilities in process industry. Simultaneous reduction of both utilities can reduce plant capital as well as operating costs. Though there are mathematical modeling techniques that can produce global optimal solutions, graphical methods are often preferred to provide insights through visualization.This paper studies two revised heat integrated resource conservation networks (HIRCN) synthesis methods, the graphical and the mathematical method, comparing between them by applying both on a case study which involves mass transfer-based water-using operation derived from literature will be solved to demonstrate the features of the two methods and differentiate between them showing advantages and disadvantages of both.

Use SCBEU units at bitumen and oil sand sites to ‘extract and upgrade’ at the site. The SCBEU unit would replace much of the current oil sand solvent extraction washing process and does not require solvent recovery or disposal (4,5,9,10,11,12,25,28). [This case will be developed in this proposal using the Arroyo Grande Bitumen site near Edna, CA. (26,27,28)]

[ ] had done a simulation study in Aspen Plus to optimize the Sulfinol-MTM concentration against the MDEA to improve the absorption and lower energy consumption. For this study, the concentration of sulfolane, MDEA and water were varied and find out the optimum solution which will be effective for the refinery. The sulfolane concentration varied from 41 to 49.5 wt%, MDEA concentration varied from 26.45 to 28.31 wt% and the water quantity varied between 31.6 to 21.4 wt%. Based on the simulation studies, it was observed that for Sarakhs gas refinery would have benefited if the existing MDEA solvent is replaced with Sulfinol-M technologies by means of reduced energy consumption and improved acid gas capture efficiency. However, the paper doesn’t disclose the cost of replacing the existing solvent with new solvent and additional cost benefits due to energy

IDEAZ B: Plunge in the oil & petroleum-gas market and exploring new areas of energy.