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Outline For The Handmaid's Tale

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I. Title: The Handmaid’s Tale: Through the Lenses of Psychoanalysis and Deconstruction
II. Introduction
A. When reading a work of fiction, multiple ways exist in which to interpet the meaning held within the story.
B. Utilizing literary theories when reading fictional literature increases the understanding of the meaning behind the language of the story.
1. Psychoanalysis, specifically Lacanian mirror stage, provides one interpretation surrounding the identification of self.
2. Application of Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction, while some aspects are borrowed from psychoanalysis, functions differently to obtain the interpretation.
C. Thesis: Within Margaret Atwood’s novel, The Handmaid’s Tale, both Lacan’s mirror stage and Derrida’s deconstruction …show more content…

Jacques Derrida, a philosopher and contemporary of Jacques Lacan, questioned the assumptions made regarding the use of language and in doing so developed the method of analysis known as deconstruction.
2. Deconstruction theory explores the use of metaphors and the contradictions they create and what those contradictions may mean.
a. This method revolves around the idea of binary opposition. It states elements within the story exist in relation to each other and their function within the overall context of the story (Derrida 313).
b. According to Norman Holland, an American Literary Critic, Derrida strove to take apart the language “along structural ‘fault lines’ created by the ambiguities inherent in one or more of its key concepts… in order to reveal the equivocations… that make the text possible” (Holland 2b).
c. The Commander has full use of his language abilities. He may speak what is on his mind. Offred, on the other hand, has been stripped of all sources of creative language. She complies with his wishes through fear. His use of fear to force compliance suggests he, too, is fearful of discovery. Therefore, there is a gap in the power structure leading Offred to realize she has power over the Commander in …show more content…

Psychoanalysis Strength: Holland suggests “we all read literature selectively, unconsciously projecting our own fantasies into it and reshaping it to suit our individual identities” (Rollin and West 12).
C. Analysis: Rollin and West state, “If we acknowledge our personal involvement openly; if we make clear the choices we have made and why we have made them, we have an opportunity to bring ourselves to a poem, story, or play more completely than other theoretical systems allow (Rollin and West 12).
D. Psychoanalysis Weakness: The inherent weakness surrounding Lacanian psychoanalytic theory is in the basics of the theory formation. Lacan made selective use of citations for his theory and ignored theories that may have unsubstantiated his claims. This lends itself to the realization of each interpretation being solely related to the person doing the interpreting. (Billig 6)
E. Analysis: Findings associated with mirror stage theory are highly speculative and relative to the individual reader; thus, no true fact can be gained from the literature.
F. Closing Sentence: Psychoanalysis, in general, provides a foundation on which to build theoretical meaning of a literary work. However, as stated, the findings will be different to each person and relevant only them. Each reader will have a different

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