I. Title: The Handmaid’s Tale: Through the Lenses of Psychoanalysis and Deconstruction
II. Introduction
A. When reading a work of fiction, multiple ways exist in which to interpet the meaning held within the story.
B. Utilizing literary theories when reading fictional literature increases the understanding of the meaning behind the language of the story.
1. Psychoanalysis, specifically Lacanian mirror stage, provides one interpretation surrounding the identification of self.
2. Application of Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction, while some aspects are borrowed from psychoanalysis, functions differently to obtain the interpretation.
C. Thesis: Within Margaret Atwood’s novel, The Handmaid’s Tale, both Lacan’s mirror stage and Derrida’s deconstruction
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Jacques Derrida, a philosopher and contemporary of Jacques Lacan, questioned the assumptions made regarding the use of language and in doing so developed the method of analysis known as deconstruction.
2. Deconstruction theory explores the use of metaphors and the contradictions they create and what those contradictions may mean.
a. This method revolves around the idea of binary opposition. It states elements within the story exist in relation to each other and their function within the overall context of the story (Derrida 313).
b. According to Norman Holland, an American Literary Critic, Derrida strove to take apart the language “along structural ‘fault lines’ created by the ambiguities inherent in one or more of its key concepts… in order to reveal the equivocations… that make the text possible” (Holland 2b).
c. The Commander has full use of his language abilities. He may speak what is on his mind. Offred, on the other hand, has been stripped of all sources of creative language. She complies with his wishes through fear. His use of fear to force compliance suggests he, too, is fearful of discovery. Therefore, there is a gap in the power structure leading Offred to realize she has power over the Commander in
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Psychoanalysis Strength: Holland suggests “we all read literature selectively, unconsciously projecting our own fantasies into it and reshaping it to suit our individual identities” (Rollin and West 12).
C. Analysis: Rollin and West state, “If we acknowledge our personal involvement openly; if we make clear the choices we have made and why we have made them, we have an opportunity to bring ourselves to a poem, story, or play more completely than other theoretical systems allow (Rollin and West 12).
D. Psychoanalysis Weakness: The inherent weakness surrounding Lacanian psychoanalytic theory is in the basics of the theory formation. Lacan made selective use of citations for his theory and ignored theories that may have unsubstantiated his claims. This lends itself to the realization of each interpretation being solely related to the person doing the interpreting. (Billig 6)
E. Analysis: Findings associated with mirror stage theory are highly speculative and relative to the individual reader; thus, no true fact can be gained from the literature.
F. Closing Sentence: Psychoanalysis, in general, provides a foundation on which to build theoretical meaning of a literary work. However, as stated, the findings will be different to each person and relevant only them. Each reader will have a different
Characters play a major role in ensuring that the novels can be read and comprehended. However, the success of a novel is dependent on the quality of characterization and whether they will attract the
Deconstruction or poststructuralist is a type of literary criticism that took its roots in the 1960’s. Jacques Derrida gave birth to the theory when he set out to demonstrate that all language is associated with mental images that we produce due to previous experiences. This system of literary scrutiny interprets meaning as effects from variances between words rather than their indication to the things they represent. This philosophical theory strives to reveal subconscious inconsistencies in a composition by examining deeply beneath its apparent meaning. Derrida’s theory teaches that texts are unstable and queries about the beliefs of words to embody reality.
Although Offred accepts the standards and criterions of her society, she keeps her individuality and refuses to forget the past. She remembers having had an identity of her own and strives to hold on to it as best as she can. She puts a claim on her temporary room in her Commander's house; it becomes a sanctuary for her true self. Her room becomes a place of
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In “The Handmaid 's Tale” by Margaret Atwood, there is the addressing of freedom, abuse of power, feminism, rebellion and sexuality. The audience is transported to a disparate time where things normalized in our current society are almost indistinguishable. Atwood uses each character carefully to display the set of theme of rebellion within the writing, really giving the reader a taste of what the environment is like by explaining detailed interactions, and consequences as well as their role in society.
Paula Hawkins, a well-known British author, once said, “I have lost control over everything, even the places in my head.” In Margaret Atwood’s futuristic dystopia The Handmaid’s Tale, a woman named Offred feels she is losing control over everything in her life. Offred lives in the Republic of Gilead. A group of fundamentalists create the Republic of Gilead after they murder the President of the United States and members of Congress. The fundamentalists use the power to their advantage and restrict women’s freedom. As a result, each woman is assigned a specific duty to perform in society. Offred’s husband and child are taken away from her and she is now forced to live her life as a Handmaid. Offred’s role in society is to produce a child
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There wasn't a lot of choice, but there was some and this is what I chose’’ (Atwood 105). This quote from The Handmaid’s Tale shows that Offred is becoming convinced that it was her own choice to conform to her social role and that she starts to accept the system and the violations that are being committed against women. However, there is no actual choice for Offred, because if she would refuse to accept her social role it would have severe consequences. ‘’The social requirement to conform to gender norms […] often reinforce women’s inequality and powerlessness and limit the capacity for individual autonomy’’ (Anleu
The Handmaid's Tale, a film based on Margaret Atwood’s book depicts a dystopia, where pollution and radiation have rendered innumerable women sterile, and the birthrates of North America have plummeted to dangerously low levels. To make matters worse, the nation’s plummeting birth rates are blamed on its women. The United States, now renamed the Republic of Gilead, retains power the use of piousness, purges, and violence. A Puritan theocracy, the Republic of Gilead, with its religious trappings and rigid class, gender, and racial castes is built around the singular desire to control reproduction. Despite this, the republic is inhabited by characters who would not seem out of place in today's society. They plant flowers in the yard, live in suburban houses, drink whiskey in the den and follow a far off a war on the television. The film leaves the conditions of the war and the society vague, but this is not a political tale, like Fahrenheit 451, but rather a feminist one. As such, the film, isolates, exaggerates and dramatizes the systems in which women are the 'handmaidens' of today's society in general and men in particular.
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In today’s news we see many disruptions and inconsistencies in society, and, according to Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, humankind might be headed in that direction. The deterioration of society is a concept often explored biologically in novels, but less common, is the effect on everyday social constructs such as the position of women as a item that can be distributed and traded-in for a ‘better’ product. The Handmaid’s Tale elaborates the concept that, as societal discrimination towards women intensifies, gender equality deteriorates and certain aspects of societal freedoms are lost. Offred’s experience with serving Gilead demonstrates a victim’s perspective and shows how the occurring changes develope the Republic.
Another character worth analyzing is Renfield. Curiously enough, Renfield’s Syndrome was a term coined by psychologist Herschel
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