sectors: Economic, Social, Political and environmental. These factors can be broken down into two groups, simple and composite. Such simple indictors would be birth rate, death rate and GNP. Examples of composite indicators are PQLI, HDI and HSI. All of these indicators can be measured quantitatively. The HDI is the human development index, which is based on adult literacy rates, standard of living based on GNP per capita, life expectancy and income. The HDI
education for future careers because LEDC'S hasn't any capital or GNP. There have been other factors deciding either to increase quality of life without the need of money. The 'physical quality of life index' (PQLI) came from the overseas development council (ODC). The PQLI is the average of three categories- literacy, infant mortality and life expectancy. 1. Literacy 0-100% scaled as 0 and 100. 2. Sierra Leonewith the shortest life span (36 years) scaled at 0. Japan
factors such as literacy, mortality and life expectancy. This is much more representative as they revel the general standard of living in each country. For example, one social and demographic indicator is the PHYSICAL QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX (PQLI). This is a comparative measurement of a nations general well-being based on three social indicators: life expectancy at age 1, infant mortality and adult literacy rates. Although this index is quite simple to use, the disadvantage
developmental level that are required in composite statistics - health - safety - educational and cultural development - security in old age - similar noneconomic criteria - Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) - devised by the Overseas Development council - may be directed at the assessment of specific types of development - three indicators - infant mortality rate, life expectancy, literacy - It is but one of many attempts to
some people prefer to use other indicator to measure a country's standard of living. These social indicators take non-economic factors into account, such as literacy rate, and life expectancy. Some examples are the physical quality of life index (PQLI), the Human Development Index (HDI), and the Basic Well-being Index (BWI). 3.3 Underground economy: Oliver (2006) in his book ‘Macroeconomics' states about the underground economy as follows: ‘Underground economy is the part of economic activity
indicator. For example, France now uses a number of social indicators to measure their progress as opposed to mainly GDP figures (Stiglitz, 2002). Although, this idea is not a recent innovation as Morris (1979) proposed the Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) that focused on literacy, infant mortality and life expectancy, over thirty years ago. Considering this point, has aid impacted the social indicators measuring welfare in greater detail than economic growth? Over 50% of development aid is intended
environment and. They conclude that if these factors are present and fully functional, the results will be seen in Gross National Product-GNP, and increase in the Real Per capita Income – RPCI, and a positive shift in the Physical Quality of Life Index –PQLI which is a measurement of the most basic needs of the people. It factors in a wide range of indicators such as health, education, water conditions, nutrition and sanitation 1.2.3 Economic Development Strategies Debraj Ray (1998) described in great