PV Interneuron Involvement In Social Recognition

Social learning theory (SLT), cognitive approach, behaviorist approach, humanistic approach, psychodynamic approach and biological approach.

Anthropologists have come to understand the evolution of man’s behavior by observing our closest primates such as chimpanzees. Cooperative behavior among primates can have many similarities and differences when compared to humans. Humans are intensively cooperative by communication by languages and interactions with others. Nonhuman primates can very much communicate very easily among their social groups, for example, the chimpanzee can very much strategically cooperate much like human, and also the chimpanzee can spontaneously initiate and maintain cooperative behaviors. Therefore are able to cooperate to reach a goal such as hunting for food or scaring off dangerous predators. This cooperative trait can really show the intelligence of these primates and how they are distinguished from other

     It is common in monkeys, apes and humans that behavior and social organization aren’t necessarily programmed into the genes. There have been several cases where an entire troop has learned from the experiences of just a few. In a group of Japanese macaques, for example, a three-year-old female female developed the habit of washing dirt of of sweet potatoes before she

Learning by observation is a type of learning in which an individual observes the behavior of others, sees the consequences of the behaviors, and then attempts to carry out the same behavior. Social learning is based on the standards of classical and operant conditioning and observational learning. It is a commonly shared belief that people have an instinctive ability to imitate the behavior of others. However, this ability is not unique to humans. Animals have also showed evidence of being able to mimic humans and other animals (Mazur, 2013). Chimpanzees, or Pan Troglodytes, have demonstrated social learning through many different experiments in different settings. Chimpanzees have shown the ability to observe the behavior of a model and reproduce the behavior. However, chimpanzees have also demonstrated the mental capacity of understanding when behaviors do not elicit a desired reaction and not repeating these behaviors under these circumstances. This paper will focus on chimpanzees and their ability to learn new behaviors through social learning.

Humans, as well as other primates, bond with grooming and playing with others. Humans, unlike other primates, interact with a wider variety of their species than most primates. The many human subgroups and cultures all interact with each other across the world, whereas most other primates only interact with those in their social group. The single fact that nearly all primates, including humans, are very social beings in general and prefer to live in social groups, contributes to the multitude of similarities of social behavior.

Primates share many human-like factors, and over time, studies are able to now show that non-human primates have become even more like humans in terms of culture and lifestyle. Primates are intelligent, which allows parents of mammals to teach their young, and the young learn much like humans do. From detailed studies of ape behavior, it is concluded that apes, like humans, use tools and patterns to adapt from what they learn in social groups, rather than it being biological. Primates have been found to laugh, support each other, learn how to medicate themselves and others when in need, have family traditions, show off, grieve, and the list goes on. Learning such things, whether it be human or ape, varies from culture to culture, through social

A major issue when treating alcoholism is the likelihood of relapse. A lack of social support may contribute to an increased likelihood of relapse, while maintaining positive social support can decrease this risk. One study discussed the possibility of social interaction influencing relapse behavior in the prairie vole. This study focused on the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE), where animals that had been previously exposed to ethanol show increased consumption after a period of abstinence, modeling relapse behavior commonly seen in addiction. The aim of the study was first to observe whether prairie voles, like mice and rats in previous experiments, could display an ADE and second, to determine whether this effect could be influenced by social

The majority of organisms that fall into the category of primates tend to live in relatively large group size and work together within their habitats to increase the overall survival rate. There are multiple benefits of living in larger groups which include increased genetic diversity, increased protection from predators and even more opportunity for developing learning strategies [7]. On the other hand, animals living in smaller groups do not necessarily have as much completion for resources or

Social cognition is the encoding, storage, retrieval, and processing, of information in the brain. It is a process that is generalized within a species, and relates to members of the same species. At one time social cognition referred specifically to an approach to social psychology in which these processes were studied according to the methods of cognitive

It is obvious that it would be advantageous for a primate species living in large social groups to develop elevated social cognitive abilities.

Yerkes, highlights that both chimpanzees and humans are influenced by the public in which they engage characteristics of mingling, ranks and ownership (Glick, 105). Mingling is an important feature because knowing that chimps like to socialize means that they like engaging in conversations and surrounding themselves with others but just like humans without socializing it can have a negative effect on one. Besides socializing also comes with having a leader hence managing the group and making important decisions in the community. These are just some examples of anthropodenial between humans and primates that are

Using the phrase “instinct” very liberally creates many issues when discussing the behaviors of non-human primates, and in this case mothering rhesus macaques. To determine the source of the disturbed agonistic behavior of the mother rhesus toward her offspring, one must first look at the environmental conditions in which the mother rhesus was reared as an infant. The correlation between environmental conditions and behavioral tendencies of the mother rhesus can be observed in the behavioral differences of the mother rhesus and related members of the group, owing to differencing environmental conditions. In addition, one must consider exactly how certain behaviors are used as a means of communication and socialization between individuals, as various gestures, vocalizations, and facial expressions are a common means of communication between members of a social group. Observing the various signal-response communication between rhesus infants and their non-agonistic mothers, and comparing that communication to that of infants and the rhesus agonistic mothers, could give possible insight in the cues that infants give to their mothers for interactions, such as feeding. Collected social observations from these agonistic mothers may suggest that “maternal instincts” are not genetically determined, but instead greatly influenced by the social structure and environment that the mother, as an infant, was reared in.

The blockade of  D2-like receptors prevented partner preferences after mating; D2-like receptor activation induced this behavior in the absence of mating. It is shown in Figure 1 that the activation of D2-like receptors within the nucleus accumbens is essential for pair bonding. Doses of quinpirole, a psychoactive drug that acts as a D2 agonist, were administered within the rostral shell of the nucleus accumbens. This

Understanding how selection on behavior shapes brain investment is a major question in the analysis of the evolution of animal sociality [Szathmary and Maynard Smith, 1995; Edelman and Changeux, 2001; Ricklefs, 2004; Gronenberg and Riveros, 2009]. Neural tissue is energetically expensive and therefore brain regions should only enlarge when needed to meet functional demands [Niven and Laughlin, 2008]. The social brain hypothesis posits that social interactions are so cognitively demanding that social environment selects for enhanced neural development [Humphrey, 1976; Dunbar and Shultz, 2007]. Studies supporting the social brain hypothesis usually rely on comparative analyses across taxa with varying levels of social complexity and use

After all the monkeys were conditioned to the bar shock test they began testing facial cue recognition by giving one monkey a bar and no arrow indication and giving the other no bar but an arrow indication. For both monkeys to avoid the shock, the monkey with the bar had to read the other monkeys facial expression when their arrow lit up and grab his bar. After some data was collected the monkeys were administered the drugs and researchers found that the tranquilizer dampened conveyance and reception, the stimulant caused a slight increase in conveyance and a large improvement in reception, and the hallucinogen decreased both but not by much. In group activities drugged monkeys were placed in the cage with un-drugged monkey and their behaviors were observed. Researchers found that the tranquilizer decreased interaction drastically, the stimulant reduced aggression and increased social behavior, while the hallucinogen increased some aggression and reduced social behavior but not by very