PV Interneuron Involvement In Social Recognition

Social learning theory (SLT), cognitive approach, behaviorist approach, humanistic approach, psychodynamic approach and biological approach.

     It is common in monkeys, apes and humans that behavior and social organization aren’t necessarily programmed into the genes. There have been several cases where an entire troop has learned from the experiences of just a few. In a group of Japanese macaques, for example, a three-year-old female female developed the habit of washing dirt of of sweet potatoes before she

Primates are very social beings, mainly because I don’t think they were made to be alone. Most primates including humans spend their entire lives in groups or communities. For one because we are social creatures and we need that group or community feel, and that can be a big community or a group of two or three. Primates keep themselves in these groups for many reason, and the most important reasons are probably for protection and for reproduction. Primates usually stay in their respective group their whole lives there are a few exceptions, and each individual primate has their own social group patterns with certain primates having certain roles that help keep their groups thriving.

Primates share many human-like factors, and over time, studies are able to now show that non-human primates have become even more like humans in terms of culture and lifestyle. Primates are intelligent, which allows parents of mammals to teach their young, and the young learn much like humans do. From detailed studies of ape behavior, it is concluded that apes, like humans, use tools and patterns to adapt from what they learn in social groups, rather than it being biological. Primates have been found to laugh, support each other, learn how to medicate themselves and others when in need, have family traditions, show off, grieve, and the list goes on. Learning such things, whether it be human or ape, varies from culture to culture, through social

Humans, as well as other primates, bond with grooming and playing with others. Humans, unlike other primates, interact with a wider variety of their species than most primates. The many human subgroups and cultures all interact with each other across the world, whereas most other primates only interact with those in their social group. The single fact that nearly all primates, including humans, are very social beings in general and prefer to live in social groups, contributes to the multitude of similarities of social behavior.

It is obvious that it would be advantageous for a primate species living in large social groups to develop elevated social cognitive abilities.

Learning by observation is a type of learning in which an individual observes the behavior of others, sees the consequences of the behaviors, and then attempts to carry out the same behavior. Social learning is based on the standards of classical and operant conditioning and observational learning. It is a commonly shared belief that people have an instinctive ability to imitate the behavior of others. However, this ability is not unique to humans. Animals have also showed evidence of being able to mimic humans and other animals (Mazur, 2013). Chimpanzees, or Pan Troglodytes, have demonstrated social learning through many different experiments in different settings. Chimpanzees have shown the ability to observe the behavior of a model and reproduce the behavior. However, chimpanzees have also demonstrated the mental capacity of understanding when behaviors do not elicit a desired reaction and not repeating these behaviors under these circumstances. This paper will focus on chimpanzees and their ability to learn new behaviors through social learning.

Using the phrase “instinct” very liberally creates many issues when discussing the behaviors of non-human primates, and in this case mothering rhesus macaques. To determine the source of the disturbed agonistic behavior of the mother rhesus toward her offspring, one must first look at the environmental conditions in which the mother rhesus was reared as an infant. The correlation between environmental conditions and behavioral tendencies of the mother rhesus can be observed in the behavioral differences of the mother rhesus and related members of the group, owing to differencing environmental conditions. In addition, one must consider exactly how certain behaviors are used as a means of communication and socialization between individuals, as various gestures, vocalizations, and facial expressions are a common means of communication between members of a social group. Observing the various signal-response communication between rhesus infants and their non-agonistic mothers, and comparing that communication to that of infants and the rhesus agonistic mothers, could give possible insight in the cues that infants give to their mothers for interactions, such as feeding. Collected social observations from these agonistic mothers may suggest that “maternal instincts” are not genetically determined, but instead greatly influenced by the social structure and environment that the mother, as an infant, was reared in.

A major issue when treating alcoholism is the likelihood of relapse. A lack of social support may contribute to an increased likelihood of relapse, while maintaining positive social support can decrease this risk. One study discussed the possibility of social interaction influencing relapse behavior in the prairie vole. This study focused on the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE), where animals that had been previously exposed to ethanol show increased consumption after a period of abstinence, modeling relapse behavior commonly seen in addiction. The aim of the study was first to observe whether prairie voles, like mice and rats in previous experiments, could display an ADE and second, to determine whether this effect could be influenced by social

Yerkes, highlights that both chimpanzees and humans are influenced by the public in which they engage characteristics of mingling, ranks and ownership (Glick, 105). Mingling is an important feature because knowing that chimps like to socialize means that they like engaging in conversations and surrounding themselves with others but just like humans without socializing it can have a negative effect on one. Besides socializing also comes with having a leader hence managing the group and making important decisions in the community. These are just some examples of anthropodenial between humans and primates that are

The majority of organisms that fall into the category of primates tend to live in relatively large group size and work together within their habitats to increase the overall survival rate. There are multiple benefits of living in larger groups which include increased genetic diversity, increased protection from predators and even more opportunity for developing learning strategies [7]. On the other hand, animals living in smaller groups do not necessarily have as much completion for resources or

Research by Yamamoto, Humle and Tanaka in 2009 concluded that chimpanzees show altruism only when prompted or pressured rather than voluntarily [5]. This particular empirical research challenges the evidence proposed by prior researchers and tests the limits of chimpanzee’s altruistic nature. Using colour-coded tokens, one of which allowed for a partner to share the reward with the test subject and one of which gave the test subject all of the reward, several chimps were tested as to their response. Results showed a tendency for the chimpanzee to take the prosocial option in situations both with and without peer pressure. Abnormally results showed that pressure or harassment from partners reduced the chimpanzee’s inclination to take the prosocial option. Although these results challenge prior research [5] they are limited as they are not conclusive and raise questions of their own to reach a complete understanding. These research results are significant in challenging an already established understanding of chimpanzee’s altruistic traits and acts as a good contrast to other references. This resource stands out as it does not make conclusive statements out of abnormal results but rather opens up a reader’s opinion and presents issues further

In this journal researchers realized that monkeys placed in isolation for some period were unable to partake in normal social relationships with fellow monkeys after being taken out of isolation. To expand on this observation researchers wanted to see how monkey’s social relationships and behaviors would be affected when administered multiple psychoactive drugs. In this study, the dependent variables were the 3 types of drugs (hallucinogen, stimulant, and tranquilizer), the independent variable was the nonverbal communication and socialization that took place with the drugged monkeys, and the controlled variable was a monkey that was not on any drugs. Since they were testing both the group interactions and nonverbal communications there were 2 main testing areas. The group testing took place

Edgar Allan Poe was born in 1809, to his mother Eliza Poe. Edgar’s father left them not long after he was born. When his mother died in 1811, he became a foster child of Frances and John Allan. After going to school, Poe moved in with his aunt Marie Clemm, and her young daughter Virginia. Eventually, Poe and Virginia got married at the ages of 13, and 26. But, in 1847, Virginia died and Poe was alone again. Loneliness seems to be a theme in many of is stories, and it probably has to do with the abundance of death around him, which always ended up leaving him by himself. The Fall of the House of Usher shows how family expectations can tear them apart.

Social cognition is the encoding, storage, retrieval, and processing, of information in the brain. It is a process that is generalized within a species, and relates to members of the same species. At one time social cognition referred specifically to an approach to social psychology in which these processes were studied according to the methods of cognitive