Pd Ni / Al2o3 Systems

Ratios of the reactants that are not the stoichiometric ratio provided by the balanced equation leave behind excess reactants. The stoichiometric ratios provided by the balanced equation prevent the formation of limiting and excess reactants for the exact amounts required are present and the reaction can be completed, yielding the most possible product and thus proving most effective. This combustion reaction is used to produce the explosive energy of the space shuttle and serve as a source of continuous energy for fuel cells in electric vehicles. In this lab, the same reaction was used to launch micro rockets off a launch pad to simulate the way explosive energy is generated to launch space shuttles. Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that make use of hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity as well as water and heat as byproducts.

The Hydrogen Fuel Cell could revolutionize the world. This ingenious technology, which creates electricity from the chemical reactions of hydrogen and oxygen has, in its 150-year history, passed many of the critical tests along the path from invention to innovation. Recent developments in fuel cell technology and concurrent developments within the energy and automotive industries have brought the world to brink of the fuel cell age and the hydrogen economy.

2. ALTERNATIVE FUELS - ETHANOL & THE ALKANOLS 3. REDOX CHEMISTRY & BATTERIES 4. RADIOACTIVITY & ITS USES

Experiments 2-1 and 2-2 study the production of hydrogen gas by different chemical reactions. By using a hydrogen gas collection apparatus and the principles of chemistry, we were able to evaluate the data and reach our goal. Experiment 2-1 uses zinc, magnesium and aluminum and how much hydrogen gas they produce to predict the volume of hydrogen gas produced for different masses of each metal. In this experiment we see that each metal has an increasing amount of hydrogen gas as mass goes up, however each metal had different amount of hydrogen gas for the same mass. Zinc produced the least amount of hydrogen gas, then increasing with magnesium, and aluminum produced the highest amount. The

The need for a permanent and efficient depository for nuclear waste was a growing problem in the United States. The federal government had failed to administer the issue over the storage of our nuclear wastes. Despite efforts to recycle and reuse nuclear fuel, it presented another problem. Myers (1986) explains that this process isolates the plutonium

Compound 3a was selected by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) USA for anticancer screening with the NCI code D-785902/1. Compound 3c was found in the already tested cancer candidates in the NCI data base under NCI code NSC: 650353[42]. Both candidates were screened on human tumour cell lines at 10-5 M at the 60-Cell-Line Screenings of the Developmental Therapeutics Program (DTP) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, USA) under the drug discovery program of the NCI. The 60-cell-line-screening of the NCI includes 60 different tumour cell lines, the nine various organs and tumour types derived (leukaemia, non-small-cell lung cancer, colon cancer, CNS cancer, melanoma,

Sediments are the main source of water pollution, contributing to turbidity issues as well as irregular or harmful nitrite/nitrate, phosphorus, and pH levels. This contributes to the death of marine organisms and can also change which organisms can survive in the body of water as its conditions change due to runoff. Anthropogenic runoff is also a contributor of adverse water effects, such as cultural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff, and also results in the death of aquatic animals and shifts in which organisms are more prominent in the ecosystem. This lab will address the effects soil will have on variables concerning water quality. There is also the option of including fish and/or aquatic plants in the water column, which are independent variables as well as the soil. The pH, ammonia levels, nitrite levels, temperature, D.O., and physical attributes are the dependent variables that will be measured during the lab. The qualitative physical tests (turbidity and odor) will portray the physical state and cleanliness of the water, as well as the level of runoff from the soil.

Nuclear energy was likewise discovered to be useful in naval tactics and in sourcing electricity. As technology has significantly advanced and knowledge has expanded beyond measures, the realm of nuclear engineering has indeed achieved scientific milestones. In practice of modern times, nuclear energy is manufactured within power plants, capable of supporting an outstanding amount of electricity (World Nuclear Association). However, this limited method of energy production is thought to be dangerous. Nuclear engineering is certainly one complex subject and is foreign to the majority of the world population. Within a nuclear power plant, reactors are employed to force uranium ions to undergo the process of nuclear fission; nuclear fission is the separation of atoms, the smallest unit of matter. This splitting of uranium ions releases energy, thus, producing usable heat. Heat is crucial to not only nuclear energy production; rather, heat is necessary in all power plants. Such will then become the steam that gyrates turbines. These turbines are coupled with electromagnets which, finally, yield electricity (How Nuclear Reactors Work). One foremost flaw of nuclear power is the consequential radioactive waste that must be monitored for a long while following disposal. Nevertheless, as resources upon this planet are surely depleting, original forms of energy production are mandatory. In consideration of such, nuclear power plants have proved to be both efficient

People are exposed to toxic chemicals on a daily basis; these substances can affect human health. Although they are more regulated than they were in the past, there is still a risk of disease. An example of a toxicant that causes disease is nitrobenzene. Nitrobenzene is known to cause methemoglobinemia when inhaled, ingested, or when it comes into contact with the skin. The most famous cases of methemoglobinemia were the Fugates family, who were famous for their blue skin. The Fugates family had hereditary methemoglobinemia, with is even rarer than acquired methemoglobinemia (Greenberg, 2013). The most common reason for methemoglobinemia is through toxicant exposure. The people

With proper handling, hydrogen is as safe as any other fuels such as gasoline, diesel or natural gas – and in some instances even safer. For decades, codes and standard of handling hydrogen have been implemented and safe system designs have been developed. Now hydrogen is produced, shipped, distributed and used safely worldwide for the use in everything from welding to hydrogenated peanut butter. Over 50 million tonnes of hydrogen are produced annually worldwide. Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe, and it’s also the lightest. This means that if there is a leak in a storage tank, the hydrogen rises and diffuses quickly into non-flammable

Hydrogen has already been under the micro scope for many years as an alternative fuel source to us because of its abundance and power. We have simply been lacking the

By analysing the results collected in the experiment, the overall outcomes suggests that Manganese Oxide, Copper Oxide and Lead Oxide are the 3 Oxides that decomposed Hydrogen Peroxide leading to large productions of Oxygen. Starting with an initial O2 concentration of an average 20.50%, the final concentrations of O2 after 120 seconds were 47.73% for Copper Oxide, 46.5% for Manganese Oxide and 46.37% for Lead Oxide, showing that they performed quite well as catalysts. Although, all three of them showed a similar amount O2 production, Manganese IV Oxide was the quickest to start working and showed a considerable O2 concentration relatively quickly. Lead and Copper Oxides were not very quick at the offset but caught up with Manganese IV Oxide

Some economic considerations to have about zinc coatings are that the cost will always be thought about when stating steel corrosion defense. In addition to the cost, judging the show of the Zn coating in the deliberate environment also affects the economics of the defensive organization. Hidden costs, such as accessibility of the location, manufacturerer loss due to preservation recoating and increasing payment for labor-intensive coatings, such as metal spraying and painting, will also be thought about. The zinc-steel amalgamation has remarkable economic advantages in terms of life-cycle costs. Upgraded air standards in many industrialized countries, with decreasing levels of SO2 (sulfur dioxide), means today Zn coatings provide even more

Nuclear power supplies a significant portion of current energy demands. One of the newer advances in nuclear fuel is Mixed Oxide (MOX) fuel. MOX is a mixture of UO2 and PuO2. Both of these starting materials can be recovered from spent traditional nuclear fuel [1]. As such, MOX provides a method for reducing waste generated during the operation of a nuclear reactor. MOX fuel is currently in use in Europe, Russia and Japan [2]. The United States is in the process of developing next generation nuclear reactors which can employ MOX. Due to the importance of MOX fuel, important research is currently being to both understand the principles governing MOX, and how to enhance its performance.

International research is continuing into safety improvements such as passively safe plants, the use of nuclear fusion, and additional uses of process heat such as hydrogen production (in support of a hydrogen economy), for desalinating sea water, and for use in district heating systems.