Probability and Distributions Quantitative analysis can be a very complex undertaking, but a little understanding can go a long way. Before any statistical analysis or in-depth investigation of quantitative data is attempted, one should at least build an understanding of some of the basic elements of probability. The following paragraphs provide a definition and explanation of the two basic laws of probability and an examination of two types of probability distributions, and while this will not allow for truly meaningful quantitative analysis to take place it will provide a foundational understanding that anyone can utilize to begin investigating probability and statistics. The two basic laws of probability are, as their basic nature implies, relatively simple to understand, despite the fact that they might not seem simple or easily approachable when concisely stated. The first rule is that the probability of any event must be between zero and one, inclusive, and the second (and very highly related) rule is that the sum of the probability of all events must equal one. Though this might seem foreign to one not used to dealing with numbers, it is actually quite simple, and it is from these two basic laws that simple probabilities (and thence more complex probabilities) can be established. Take the flip of a coin as an example: there are two possible outcomes, each of which must have a probability between zero and one and the sum of which must be equal to one. If there is
In the article, Elaine Young talks about the concept of probability. This concept correlates to CCSS.Math.Content.7.SP.C.5 “Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the likelihood of the event occurring. Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood. A probability near 0 indicates an unlikely event, a probability around 1/2 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely, and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event.” In the article, a third grade teacher, Mrs. Alvarado, enforce this concept through literature arts. She read the book, Dear Mr. Blue, out loud then have a class discussion over the probability of a whale living in one of the character’s backyard pond. Afterwards, the teacher introduces the probability terms such as impossible, unlikely, equally, likely, unlikely, or certain. Another activity that enforces this standard is when the third grade teacher have students post appropriate vocabulary words on a line chart. CCSS.Math.Content.7.SP.C.6 “Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency, and predict the approximate relative frequency given the
Statistics provides us with very useful tools and techniques that aide us in dealing with real world scenarios. I have been able to learn several useful concepts by studying statistics that can aide me in making rational and informed decisions that are supported by the analysis results. Statistics as a discipline is the application and development of various processes put in place to gather, interpret, and analyse the information. The quantification of biological, social, and scientific phenomenons, design and analysis of experiments and surveys, and application of
Topics Distribution of the sample mean. Central Limit Theorem. Confidence intervals for a population mean. Confidence intervals for a population proportion. Sample size for a given confidence level and margin of error (proportions). Poll articles. Hypotheses tests for a mean, and differences in means (independent and paired samples). Sample size and power of a test. Type I and Type II errors. You will be given a table of normal probabilities. You may wish to be familiar with the follow formulae and their application.
Short Answer Writing Assignment – Both the calculated binomial probabilities and the descriptive statistics from the class database will be used to answer the following questions.
standard deviation standardized value rescaling z-score normal model parameter statistic standard Normal model 68-95-99.7 Rule normal probability plot
In the first article chosen, “Why are Nurses Leaving? Findings From an Initial Qualitative Study on Nursing Attrition,” the research method used was qualitative. The specific type of research design used was phenomenology. The participants were interviewed about their person experience of what it was like working as a registered nurse. The research question for this study was, “What is the experience of RNs who leave clinical nursing?” The sample is registered nurses (RN) with a minimum of 1 year of clinical practice and no clinical practice in the last 6 months. The sample size was ten, which were a majority of females (80%),
i) How does the shape of the distribution impact what you conclude? The shape distribution is out of range.
Compare and contrast quantitative and qualitative methods on each of the elements listed. Please use scholarly, academic literature to support your response.
• Include appropriate probability concepts and your application to find resulting data to limit uncertainty in this decision.
When we look around us, we may not recognize that statistics is all around. Before I began to take this course “Statistics for Managers” I was not aware of how statistics actually worked. The first idea that came to my mind about statistics was probability. Not knowing statistics and probability are related because they both determine a possible outcome. Throughout this course I have learned what statistics is and how it works. In this paper, I will describe descriptive and inferential statistics, hypothesis developing and testing, the selection of statistical tests, and how to evaluate statistical results in analyzing data.
The analysis of the data was done by employing the following statistical techniques which were chosen only after the investigator found them to be most appropriate and compatible to the data. Each statistical method is based upon its own specific assumptions regarding the nature of the sample, its universe and research conditions. These factors were considered in advance. Following statistical measures were
I would give an example of this; Stacey has a checklist of all the qualities that she wants in a boyfriend. The list she has consists of 10 must have qualities. Brad asks Stacey out to the dance on Friday night; Brad meet 5 out of the 10 qualities on Stacey’s checklist so Stacey states that she will think about it. Later that day Nolan asks Stacey out to the same dance, but Nolan meets all 10 of Stacey qualities on her checklist. The probability that Stacey will choose Nolan is twice as much as Brad or 2:1. This teaches them probability in simple terms and gives them a memorable example.
I will be applying descriptive statistics to visually display data and calculate measures of central tendency and dispersion to effectively pin point patterns of injury, what medications we give, and what topics to educate our Soldiers to prevent illness and injury. As this course comes to an end I have reflected on the course outcomes and determined that I have successfully achieved the intended learning objectives in the five Modules. I have demonstrated the ability to describe statistics, determine sources and users of Health Statistics. I have been able to identify and demonstrate the importance of the Central Limit Theorem to the study of Health Statistics. As mentioned in my reflective discussion posting I took special interest in the ability to demonstrate the ability to compute descriptive statistics in order to describe the characteristics of a data set as well as applying elementary probability theory to health sciences data. I also mentioned earlier that the ability to conduct parametric and nonparametric inferential statistical tests: t-tests, chi-square analyses proved to be the most difficult for me to learn. Overall this course was very useful for me and will improve the way I run my medical company here in Kuwait. I believe our work here will improve the quality of care through statistical review of our standard operating procedures and protocols in the aid station. I appreciate the learning opportunity this course offered and the feedback
The probability that two events will both occur can never be greater than the probability that each will occur individually. Mlodinow says, this is do to “simple arithmetic: the chances that event A will occur = the chances that events A and B will occur + the chance that event A will occur and event B will not occur.” If two possible events, A and B, are independent, then the probability that both A and B will occur is equal to the product of their individual probabilities. To
According to Hair et al. (2003), in the research, the sampling process enables identifying, developing and understanding an interested object that need to be determined (p.333). Hence, in order for the researcher to carry out the sampling appropriately, advantages and disadvantages of the various sampling methods should be considered along with the theoretical component of the study (Hair et al. 2003, p. 368 f). Theoretically, the sampling procedure is divided into two major types which consist of probability and nonprobability sampling. In probability sampling, individuals have a known chance of being selected. While, in non-probability sampling, individuals do not have a known possibility to be selected (Sekaran 2003, p. 269 f). Also, the different sampling methods provide different advantages and disadvantages. Hence, the researcher should consider this point before choosing the sampling method for the