“Law and order exist for the purpose of establishing justice and when they fail in the purpose they become the dangerously structured dam that block the flow of the social progress”. The quote illustrates that justice and fairness is the crux elements during court proceedings. Therefore, the factfinder need to consider from a logical thinking and in compliance with the natural justice theory which focus on ‘right of fair trial’ (audi alteram partem). The natural justice theory is guaranteed with Art 6 of European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) - ‘right of fair trial’. Both of them illustrates that everyone should entitle of a fair and unbiased public hearing from the factfinder. Therefore, every detail of the court proceedings is importance especially the allocation of burden of proof. Across the years, the issue on who shall bear the burden of proof during litigation still remains in a vague situation because the judge strike a balance between the states and the accused. The definition of burden of proof is the legal obligation of one party having the responsibility to prove the issue of contention on the required of standard of proof. The burden generally divided into two, legal and evidential burden of proof. This two burdens of proof are distinct in their nature. The legal burden of proof also called ‘persuasive burden’ where the …show more content…
He states that the burden is on the State to show that the legislative adopted were not greater than necessary, and there must be a ‘pressing necessity’ to impose a legal burden on the accused. For him, the defence under s.28 has such close link with the mens rea and moral blameworthiness that it would derogate the presumption to transfer the legal burden to the
Greer, had not met her burden of proof pursuant to T.C.A. § 32-1-104, regarding the manner in which a will must be executed.
i. The plaintiff bears the burden of proving that the defamatory statement made by the defendant is
The Court in the 6th Circuit was to determine if the plaintiff, David Dunlap, had met the burden of proof that his
idea of “undue burden” was established in the decision (Seward par. 4). The idea of “undue
People v. DiStefano is most important to our case, because it outlines the burden of proof. According to the case,
The fact finding process during the trial of a case is one of the most critical aspects in the administration of justice. Every country has its methods to determine how a case is to be tried. It is within the prerogative of every state to determine the best approach in a court trial while considering the immortal principles of natural justice.
The burden of proof has two components to include: the burden of production and the burden of persuasion. The burden of production is the obligation to present evidence to the judge or jury. The burden of persuasion is the duty to convince the judge or jury to a certain standard, such as beyond a reasonable doubt, which is defined shortly. This is completed by measuring point and is determined by examining the quantity and quality of the evidence presented. The plaintiff or prosecutor generally has the burden of proving the case. The defendant often has the burden of proving any defense. There are standards for burden of proof depending on whether it’s a civil or crime case.
The search for the correct result essential to criminal procedure in a constitutional democracy means to: I. convict the guilty. II. plea bargain in weak cases. III. search for truth at any cost. IV. acquit the innocent.
The State which is the prosecuting is obliged, as of necessity to ensure implementation of constitutional guarantees, and if there is any failure on its part in this regard, the constitutional safeguards shall prevail. If a speedy trial cannot be ensured, the citizen’s liberty cannot be curtailed and he will, therefore have to be set free. Whether an accused who is facing a trial is in custody or whether he is on bail are matters of little consideration in this regard because the liberty of the citizen is still curtailed either completely or
In the discussion which follows, the function served by ‘evidence’ within the adversarial system will be considered. The central importance of relevance to the admissibility of evidence will be linked to the purpose served by the tribunal of fact. The range of factors which impact on the criminal justice system will act as a basis to consider the justification for the exclusion of certain evidential material. Developments in attitudes as a result of recent legislation will lead the discussion to the conclusion that the above statement is not sustainable
For giving verdict Judge must decide based on interpretation law due in accordance with the applicable law and regulation. To determine someone is guilty or not, the judge must orient by verification system according with valid evidenece instrument who follow the ordinance. The legal evidence consists of witness information, expert witness, letters, hints and
Following such protocol could help in cases where classifying a person’s guilt is based on fact finding by way of fair and honest legal procedures instead of presenting facts alone. Because the rights listed in the Constitution are not simple, accountability and liability must be present for criminal justice officials and authorities. Equality and uniformity should have a place in the justice process.
In this course we have been learning a lot on the topic of legal pluralism and normative orders. The paragraphs below will illustrate legal pluralism by using the case of Multani v. Commission Scolaire Marguerite Bourgeoys. First of all, we will begin with defining what legal pluralism is then we will go more in depth into the case. We will be covering the essential background of the case, the decisions of the courts and schoolboard with justification and a short personal reflection on the subject.
The rule of law is a difficult concept to grasp and proves elusive to substantive definition. However, the following work considers the attempts of various social and legal theorists to define the concept and pertinent authorities are considered. Attitudes and emphasis as to the exact shape, form and content of the rule of law differ quite widely depending on the socio-political perspective and views of respective commentators (Slapper and Kelly, 2009, p16), although there are common themes that are almost universally adopted. The conclusions to this work endeavour to consolidate thinking on the rule of law in order to address the question posed in the title, which is at first sight a deceptively simple one.
n criminal law, the mens rea refers to the defendant's state of mind at the time of their crime and there are several levels reflecting the need to have a particular mens rea for the offence committed. For example, in murder or a S:18 offence in the Offences Against the Person Act 1861, the mens rea present must be that of specific intent, which is where the defendant desired that particular outcome of their actions. However, it was held in R v Cunningham 1982, that the intention to cause serious harm was enough to satisfy the mens rea for murder. This shows that, where murder cases are concerned, that it is relatively easy to prove the required mens rea and in doing so the concept of fault is often satisfied. This is once again shown in oblique